LIGHT FOR THE MIND

As daylight wanes in winter, millions begin to feel depressed, sluggish and socially withdrawn. They also tend to sleep more, eat more and h...

As daylight wanes in winter, millions begin to feel depressed, sluggish and socially withdrawn. They also tend to sleep more, eat more and have less sex. By spring or summer the symptoms abate, only to return the next autumn.

Once regarded skeptically by the experts, seasonal affective disorder, SAD for short, is now well established. Researchers have noted a similarity between SAD symptoms and seasonal changes in other mammals, particularly those that sensibly pass the dark winter hibernating in a warm hole. Animals have brain circuits that sense day length and control the timing of seasonal behavior. Do humans do the same?

In 2001, Thomas A. Wehr and Norman E. Rosenthal, psychiatrists at the National Institute of Mental Health, ran an intriguing experiment. They studied two patient groups for 24 hours in winter and summer, one group with seasonal depression and one without. A major biological signal tracking seasonal sunlight changes is melatonin, a brain chemical turned on by darkness and off by light. Wehr and Rosenthal found that the patients with seasonal depression had a longer duration of nocturnal melatonin secretion in the winter than in the summer, just as with other mammals with seasonal behavior.

Why did the normal patients show no seasonal change in melatonin secretion? One possibility is exposure to industrial light, which can suppress melatonin. Perhaps by keeping artificial light constant during the year, we can suppress the 8220;natural8221; variation in melatonin experienced by SAD patients.

There might have been a survival advantage, a few hundred thousand years back, to slowing down and conserving energy8212;sleeping and eating more8212;in winter. Could people with seasonal depression be the unlucky descendants of those well-adapted hominids?

Regardless, no one with SAD has to wait for spring and summer to feel better. 8220;Bright light in the early morning is a powerful, fast and effective treatment for seasonal depression,8221; said Rosenthal, now a professor of clinical psychiatry at the Georgetown Medical School and author of Winter Blues Guilford, 1998. 8220;Light is a nutrient of sorts for these patients.8221;

The timing of phototherapy is critical. 8220;To determine the best time for light therapy, you need to know about a person8217;s individual circadian rhythm,8221; said Michael Terman, director of the Center for Light Treatment and Biological Rhythms at the Columbia University Medical Center. People are most responsive to light therapy early in the morning, just when melatonin secretion begins to wane, about eight to nine hours after the nighttime surge begins. How can the average person figure that out without a blood test? By a simple questionnaire that assesses 8220;morningness8221; or 8220;eveningness8221; and that strongly correlates with plasma melatonin levels, according to Terman. The Center for Environmental Therapeutics has a questionnaire on its website cet.org.

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The standard course is 30 minutes of fluorescent soft-white light at 10,000 lux a day. You may discover that you are most photoresponsive very early, depending on whether you are a lark or an owl.
-RICHARD A. FRIEDMAN New York Times