ExplainSpeaking: Why India’s workforce is becoming increasingly male-dominated

The LFPR is the share of the working-age population (aged 15 years and above) that is employed or unemployed, willing and looking for employment.

In other words, of all the Indians aged 15 years and above, only 39.5% are even asking for a job. Among men, this proportion was 66% and among women, just 8.8%.

Why LFPR matters

Typically, policymakers and the general public is focussed on the unemployment rate in the economy. The unemployment rate is the share of people who are unemployed despite looking for work. If the proportion of people looking for work is high and stable, then the unemployment rate is a good way to assess the stress in the job market.

But in India’s case, the unemployment rate is an inadequate measure because India’s LFPR (or the proportion asking for a job) has not only been lower than the global average but also falling.

A low and falling LFPR is never a good sign for a developing economy because it shows that, despite low levels of income, its workers are opting out of the jobs market. Typically, this happens when workers fail to get a job for long periods of time, get discouraged and decide to sit out of the labour force.

Secular decline

The CHART alongside shows how much is the dip.

Two things stand out.

One, the LFPR has been falling in a secular manner since 2016-17 and has hit its lowest in 2022-23. It is noteworthy that the fall has happened despite the fast growth rate of the economy. For instance, the GDP grew by 7.2% in 2022-23.

Second, India’s female LFPR has fallen to just 8.8% in FY23. In other words, more than 90% of all working-age women in India don’t even look for a job.

Global laggard

CMIE admits that its measure of assessing LFPR are more stringent than others. For instance, the International Labour Organization (ILO) pegged India’s LFPR at 49% for 2022 — distinctly higher than CMIE’s 40% for 2022.

However, even by ILO’s standards, India’s LFPR lagged far behind other countries.

According to CMIE, India’s LPR is woefully low when compared to some Latin American and Asian economies that boast far higher labour participation rates as estimated by the same ILO model. In Indonesia, for instance, around 67 per cent of the working-age population entered the labour force in 2022 in search of employment. In countries like South Korea and Brazil, the labour participation rates were as high as 63-64 per cent. Argentina, Bangladesh and the Philippines recorded LPRs in the 58-60 per cent range. Over 51 per cent of the population of Sri Lanka was in the labour force in 2022. In India, on the contrary, less than half the working-age population had a job or was even willing to seek employment.

Key takeaways

One, regardless of the rate of GDP growth, the decline in LFPR is unabated.

Two, data shows that the bulk of the decline happened before the Covid pandemic. This was the time when the economy was decelerating sharply. The GDP in 2019-20 grew by less than 4%.

Three, India’s workforce is becoming increasingly male-dominated, thanks to India’s starkly low female LFPR. CMIE data shows that in 2016-17, females comprised only 15.3 per cent of the labour force in India. This fell to 12 per cent in 2019-20 and fell further to a mere 10.3 per cent in 2022-23.