Nap without guilt: It boosts sophisticated memory

Good sleep is a casualty of our 24/7 world. Surveys suggest few adults attain the recommended seven to eight hours a night.

Way too little clearly is dangerous: Sleep deprivation causes not just car crashes but all sorts of other accidents. Over time, a chronic lack of sleep can erode the body in ways that leave us more vulnerable to heart disease, diabetes and other illnesses.

But perhaps more common than insomnia is fragmented sleep 8211; the easy awakening that comes with aging, or, worse, the sleep apnea that afflicts millions, who quit breathing for 30 seconds or so over and over throughout the night.

Indeed, scientists increasingly are focusing less on sleep duration and more on the quality of sleep, what8217;s called sleep intensity, in studying how sleep helps the brain process memories so they stick. Particularly important is 8220;slow-wave sleep,8221; a period of very deep sleep that comes earlier than better-known REM sleep, or dreaming time.

Fishbein suspected a more active role for the slow-wave sleep that can emerge even in a power nap. Maybe our brains keep working during that time to solve problems and come up with new ideas. So he and graduate student Hiuyan Lau devised a simple test: documenting relational memory, where the brain puts together separately learned facts in new ways.

First, they taught 20 English-speaking college students lists of Chinese words spelled with two characters 8211; such as sister, mother, maid. Then half the students took a nap, being monitored to be sure they didn8217;t move from slow-wave sleep into the REM stage.

Upon awakening, they took a multiple-choice test of Chinese words they8217;d never seen before. The nappers did much better at automatically learning that the first of the two-pair characters in the words they8217;d memorized earlier always meant the same thing 8211; female, for example. So they also were more likely than non-nappers to choose that a new word containing that character meant 8220;princess8221; and not 8220;ape.8221;

8220;The nap group has essentially teased out what8217;s going on,8221; Fishbein concludes.

These students took a 90-minute nap, quite a luxury for most adults. But even a 12-minute nap can boost some forms of memory, adds Dr. Robert Stickgold of Harvard Medical School.

Conversely, Wisconsin researchers briefly interrupted night time slow-wave sleep by playing a beep 8211; just loudly enough to disturb sleep but not awaken 8211; and found those people couldn8217;t remember a task they8217;d learned the day before as well as people whose slow-wave sleep wasn8217;t disrupted.

That brings us back to fragmented sleep, whether from aging or apnea. It can suppress the birth of new brain cells in the hippocampus, where memory-making begins 8211; enough to hinder learning weeks after sleep returns to normal, warns Dr. Dennis McGinty of the University of California, Los Angeles.

To prove a lasting effect, McGinty mimicked human sleep apnea in rats. He hooked them to brain monitors and made them sleep on a treadmill. Whenever the monitors detected 30 seconds of sleep, the treadmill briefly switched on. After 12 days of this sleep disturbance, McGinty let the rats sleep peacefully for as long as they wanted for the next two weeks.

The catch-up sleep didn8217;t help: Rested rats used room cues to quickly learn the escape hole in a maze. Those with fragmented sleep two weeks earlier couldn8217;t, only randomly stumbling upon the escape.

None of the new work is enough, yet, to pinpoint the minimum sleep needed for optimal memory. What8217;s needed may vary considerably from person to person.

8220;A short sleeper may have a very efficient deep sleep even if they sleep only four hours,8221; notes Dr. Chiara Cirellia of the University of Wisconsin, Madison.

But altogether, the findings do suggest some practical advice: Get apnea treated. Avoid what Harvard8217;s Stickgold calls 8220;sleep bulimia,8221; super-late nights followed by sleep-in weekends. And don8217;t feel guilty for napping.