UPSC Key: Special Intensive Revision, CJI successor, and PM-SHRI scheme

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national importance, Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution.

Mains Examination: General Studies-II: Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act, Constitution of India — features, significant provisions and basic structure.

What’s the ongoing story: The Election Commission (EC) on Monday announced the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in 12 states and Union Territories, where all of the registered 51 crore electors would have to submit enumeration forms by December 4 to remain on the draft roll.

Key Points to Ponder:

— Read about the Election Commission of India, its powers and functions.

— What is the Special Intensive Revision?

— What is the purpose of conducting the SIR?

— What is the legal backing for conducting SIR?

— How is SIR different from the National Register of Citizens (NRC)?

— What are the concerns related to SIR?

— What key reforms are implemented by the Election Commission to strengthen the electoral process?

Key Takeaways:

— All those who cannot be traced back to the last intensive revision of rolls in 2002-2005 would be required to submit documents to establish their eligibility to remain on the final list.

— According to the EC, the exercise will be carried out in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Kerala, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh, Puducherry, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Assembly elections are due in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry and West Bengal early next year.

— In the second phase, the EC has expanded its indicative list of 11 documents that electors can submit to 13, adding Aadhaar and an extract of the Bihar SIR roll. All those born after July 1, 1987, would be required to submit eligibility documents for themselves as well as their parents. — The Bihar SIR roll can be submitted as a proof of electors’ parents. Aadhaar can be submitted as a proof of identity, and not citizenship, the EC said.

— Monday’s announcement follows the EC’s order on June 24 for an SIR of electoral rolls for the entire country, starting with Bihar as Assembly elections were due in the state.

— For the second phase of SIR, the enumeration period will start on November 4, with 5.33 lakh booth level officers (BLOs) conducting house-to-house visits to have enumeration forms filled. The draft roll, which will be published on December 9, will include all those whose forms have been received, the EC said.

— When asked why Assam, where Assembly elections are due in 2026, had been left out for now, Chief Election Commissioner Gyanesh Kumar said the Citizenship Act had separate provisions for Assam and the Supreme Court-monitored National Register of Citizens process in the state was about to be completed. He said the electoral roll revision for Assam would be ordered separately.

— EC officials said the states were chosen based on the level of preparation, which was assessed during a two-day conference of Chief Electoral Officers last week — apart from the three states and Puducherry where polls are slated next year.

— Explaining the need for an SIR now, the CEC said: “For the past few decades, almost all political parties have continuously complained about the impurity of the electoral roll.”

He said an SIR had been conducted eight times from 1951 to 2004. In the time since the last intensive revision, he said, there had been many changes to the electoral roll due to frequent migration, voters being registered at more than one place, dead electors not being removed and wrongful inclusion of foreigners.

— The June 24 order of the EC has been challenged in the Supreme Court through a batch of petitions questioning the EC’s power to check citizenship of all registered electors as well as the process adopted in Bihar.

Do You Know:

— Article 324(1) of the Constitution gives the ECI the power of “superintendence, direction and control of the preparation of the electoral rolls for, and the conduct of” elections to Parliament and state legislatures.

— Under Section 21(3) of The Representation of the People Act, 1950, the ECI “may at any time…  direct a special revision of the electoral roll for any constituency or part of a constituency in such manner as it may think fit”.

— The Registration of Electors’ Rules, 1960, says the revision of rolls can be carried out “either intensively or summarily or partly intensively and partly summarily, as the [ECI] may direct”. In an intensive revision, the electoral roll is prepared afresh; in a summary revision, the roll is amended.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Bihar effect: Processes tweaked to flag inclusion, papers only in 2nd stage

📍Why Election Commission has asked for electoral rolls to be revised

Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme:

(1) Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2017)

1. The Election Commission of India is a five-member body.

2. The Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections.

3. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognised political parties.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 3 only

Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:

To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful? (UPSC CSE 2017)

Energy trade principles applied selectively: Jaishankar’s swipe at US 

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies-II, III: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests, Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation, of resources, growth, development and employment

What’s the ongoing story: Hours after he met US Secretary of State Marco Rubio in Kuala Lumpur Monday, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar took a swipe at the Trump administration, saying energy trade is becoming “increasingly constricted”, “principles are applied selectively and what is preached is not necessarily practised”.

Key Points to Ponder:

— What is the East Asia Summit?

— Where is the 20th East Asia Summit held?

— What is the significance of ASEAN for India?

— Know about the countries which are the members of these groupings.

— What are the concerns related to reliability of supply chains?

— In energy security principles are applied selectively and what is preached is not necessarily practised. Support this statement with valid arguments.

— What is India’s stand on Gaza Peace plan?

— What are the steps taken by India in maritime cooperation in the wake of Chinese assertion in the South China Sea and the Indo-Pacific?

Key Takeaways:

— His remarks at the East Asia Summit stem from the US imposition of a 25 per cent tariff penalty on India over its purchase of Russian oil in addition to the 25 per cent tariff on goods. The US has not imposed penalty tariffs on Europe and China which have also been buying energy from Russia.

— On the conflicts in Europe and the Middle East, he said, “We are also witnessing conflicts that have significant repercussions, near and far. Deep human suffering apart, they undermine food security, they threaten energy flows and they disrupt trade. India, therefore, welcomes the Gaza peace plan. We also seek an early end to the conflict in Ukraine.”

— India has already supported the Gaza peace plan, and Prime Minister Narendra Modi spoke to President Donald Trump on October 9, lending his support to the peace plan.

— Representing India on behalf of Prime Minister Modi at the East Asia Summit, he said, “India fully supports the activities of the EAS and its future directions. We recently hosted the EAS knowledge exchange workshop on energy efficiency policies and a conclave of higher educational institutions.”

— He also flagged maritime cooperation in the wake of Chinese assertion in the South China Sea and the Indo-Pacific: “Our commitment to furthering maritime cooperation remains strong, in line with the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific and our shared commitment to the 1982 UNCLOS. 2026 will be observed as the ASEAN-India year of maritime cooperation. Notably, more nations have joined the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative.”

— He said India has proposed an EAS Maritime Heritage Festival in the ancient port of Lothal in Gujarat.

— On Myanmar, he said India was a ‘First Responder’ during the earthquake in March, and the “project on the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway, in which all of us have stakes, continues to progress”.

Do You Know:

— On August 8, 1967, five Southeast Asian leaders – the Foreign Ministers of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand – came together in Bangkok. Thailand was brokering some disputes among Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, and the event eventually led to the signing of a document — known as the ASEAN Declaration.

— The ASEAN Declaration conveyed the aspiration to further regional cooperation in economic, social, cultural, technical, educational and other fields.

— Over the next few decades, five others joined – Brunei Darussalam, Lao PDR, Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam. East Timor as its newest member on Sunday (October 26).

— ASEAN is central to India’s ‘Act East’ policy, which focuses on the extended neighbourhood in the Asia-Pacific region. It was formulated as the next step to the ‘Look East’ Policy which originated in the 1990s.

— The East Asia Summit (EAS) process was initiated in 2005 with 16 participating countries, namely the ASEAN Member States, Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, and the Republic of Korea. The United States and the Russian Federation joined later on.

— It refers to the Meeting of Heads of State/Governments of these countries and is convened annually.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Explained: All about ASEAN and East Asia Summits, to be attended by PM Modi

📍Asia’s youngest nation joins ASEAN: 3 things to know about East Timor

Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme:

(2) Consider the following countries: (UPSC CSE 2018)

1. Australia

2. Canada

3. China

4. India

5. Japan

6. USA

Which of the above are among the free-trade partners’ of ASEAN?

(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5

(b) 3, 4, 5 and 6

(c) 1, 3, 4 and 5

(d) 2, 3, 4 and 6

 

GOVT & POLITICS

CJI recommends Justice Surya Kant as successor

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance – Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues.

Mains Examination: General Studies-II: Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies.

What’s the ongoing story: Chief Justice of India B R Gavai Monday wrote to the Union government recommending Justice Surya Kant as his successor. 

Key Points to Ponder:

— What is the process of appointing the Chief Justice of India (CJI)?

— Which constitutional article provides for the appointment of the CJI?

— What is the qualification required for being the CJI?

— What is the collegium system?

— What is the role of the collegium system in the appointment process?

— What are the concerns related to the collegium system?

Key Takeaways:

— Once notified by the government, Justice Kant will take over as the 53rd Chief Justice when CJI Gavai demits office on November 23. Justice Kant will remain in office till February 9, 2027. Sources said CJI Gavai handed over a copy of the letter to Justice Surya Kant.

— On October 23, the government wrote to CJI Gavai, urging him to send the recommendation letter. It is an established convention that the outgoing Chief Justice of India writes to the government recommending his successor.

— Justice Kant was nominated as a member of the Governing Body of the National Legal Services Authority on February 23, 2007, for two consecutive terms, ending on February 22, 2011. He assumed office as Chief Justice of the Himachal Pradesh High Court on October 5, 2018, and was elevated to the Supreme Court on May 24, 2019.

Do You Know:

— The Chief Justice of India and the other judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President under clause (2) of Article 124 of the Indian Constitution. It is mentioned in Article 124 that appointment by the President is to be done “after consultation” with judges of the Supreme Court, as the President may “deem necessary”.

— Article 217, which deals with the appointment of High Court judges, says the President should consult the CJI, Governor, and Chief Justice of the High Court concerned. Further, the tenure of a CJI is until they attain the age of 65 years, while High Court judges retire at 62 years.

— Usually, the seniormost judge of the court after the chief justice (in terms of the years served) is recommended as the successor. This convention was memorably discarded by former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, who appointed Justice AN Ray as CJI in 1973 over his seniors for a CJI more favourable to her regime.

— According to the government’s Memorandum of procedure for the appointment of Supreme Court Judges, seniority is to be the norm. It says the Union Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs seeks the recommendation of the outgoing Chief Justice of India for the appointment of the next CJI.

— After the collegium’s recommendations are finalised and received from the CJI, the Law Minister will put up the recommendation to the Prime Minister who will advise the President on the matter of appointment.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Explained: How the Chief Justice of India is appointed

📍Key cases, remarks of next CJI Surya Kant

Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme:

(3) Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2019)

1. The motion to impeach a Judge of the Supreme Court of India cannot be rejected by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha as per the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.

2. The Constitution of India defines and gives details of what constitutes incapacity and proved misbehaviour’ of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India.

3. The details of the process of impeachment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India are given in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.

4. If the motion for the impeachment of a Judge is taken up for voting, the law requires the motion to be backed by each House of the Parliament and supported by a majority of total membership of that House and by not less than two-thirds of total members of that House present and voting.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 3 and 4 only

(d) 1, 3 and 4 only

Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:

Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgment on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (UPSC CSE 2017)

 

EXPRESS NETWORK

Alert in Andhra, Odisha, TN as Montha closes in

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance, Geography. 

Mains Examination: General Studies-I, III: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclones etc., disaster management.

What’s the ongoing story: Parts of coastal areas in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Odisha were put on alert on Monday after witnessing light to heavy rain coupled with high-speed winds due to the approaching Cyclone Montha, which, officials said, was intensifying 570 km from Kakinada, 600 km from Visakhapatnam, and 520 km from Chennai.

Key Points to Ponder:

— What is a cyclone and what are its types?

— What are the favourable conditions for the formation of tropical cyclones?

— What is the ‘landfall’ of a cyclone?

— What is the difference between cyclones and anticyclones?

— What are the challenges in cyclone disaster management in India?

— What are the cyclone disaster management, mitigation and preparedness measures in India?

Key Takeaways:

— Moving west-northwestwards at a speed of 18kmph over the southwest-central Bay of Bengal, the cyclone is likely to cross the coast of Andhra Pradesh near Kakinada by Tuesday night with a wind speed of 90-110 kmph, the Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority said. Respective administrations have evacuated people from the coastal villages across the three states and moved them to make-shift camps.

— In Kakinada, which will bear the brunt of the cyclone as it is expected to make landfall there, the district collectorate has opened 260 relief centres, while 140 relief camps have been set up in Nellore. 

Do You Know:

— Tropical cyclones form over warm ocean waters near the equator. When the warm, moist air from the ocean surface rises upward, a lower air pressure area is formed below. Air from surrounding areas with higher air pressure rushes into this low-pressure area, eventually rising, and it becomes warm and moist.

— As warm, moist air rises, it cools down, and the water in the air forms clouds and thunderstorms. This whole system of clouds and winds gains strength and momentum using the ocean’s heat, and the water that evaporates from its surface.

— “The weakest tropical cyclones are called tropical depressions. If a depression intensifies such that its maximum sustained winds reach 39 miles per hour [63 kmph], the tropical cyclone becomes a tropical storm,” according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Storm systems with wind speeds of 119 kmph and above are classified as hurricanes, typhoons, or tropical cyclones.

— The category of a tropical cyclone is determined by its sustained wind speed, as measured by the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. It is classified into five categories — Category 1 to Category 5. While Category 1 tropical cyclones bring winds of 119 to 153 kmph, Category 5 tropical cyclones, which are the strongest, have winds of 252 kmph or higher. Storms that reach Category 3 and higher are considered major tropical cyclones due to their potential to inflict significant damage.

— Landfall is the event of a tropical cyclone coming onto land after being over water. As per the India Meteorological Department (IMD), a tropical cyclone is said to have made landfall when the centre of the storm – or its eye – moves over the coast.

— Crucially a landfall should not be confused with a ‘direct hit’, which refers to a situation where the core of high winds (or eyewall) comes ashore but the centre of the storm may remain offshore. As per the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), because the strongest winds in a tropical cyclone are not located precisely at the centre, it is possible for a cyclone’s strongest winds to be experienced over land even if landfall does not occur.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍What is a cyclone and what are its types

Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme:

(4) In the South Atlantic and South-Eastern Pacific regions in tropical latitudes, cyclone does not originate. What is the reason? (UPSC CSE 2015)

(a) Sea surface temperatures are low

(b) Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone seldom occurs

(c) Coriolis force is too weak

(d) Absence of land in those regions

Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:

Tropical cyclones are largely confined to the South China Sea, Bay of Bengal and Gulf of Mexico. Why? (UPSC CSE 2014)

 

EXPLAINED 

Row over PM-SHRI schools scheme, which Kerala has agreed to implement

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national importance, Indian Polity.

Mains Examination: General Studies-II: Government policies and interventions, Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure. 

What’s the ongoing story: The Centre’s PM-SHRI schools scheme is back in the limelight, this time, for political wrangling in Kerala. The CPI(M)-led Left Democratic Front (LDF) government in the state has agreed to implement the scheme, retreating from what was its vehement refusal so far to allow state schools to be labelled as ‘PM-SHRI’ schools.

Key Points to Ponder:

— What is the PM-SHRI scheme?

— What are the constitutional provisions related to education?

— Read about the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.

— What are the benefits of the PM-SHRI scheme?

— Know about the Samagra Shiksha scheme. 

— What are the issues and concerns associated with the PM-SHRI scheme?

— How the PM-SHRI scheme controversy highlights the challenges of cooperative federalism in India’s education sector?

— What are the challenges of the education system in India?

— What initiative has been taken by the government with regard to improving the education system in India?

— What is the difference between a central sector scheme and a centrally sponsored scheme?

Key Takeaways:

— The Centre’s PM Schools for Rising India (PM-SHRI) scheme was approved in 2022. It seeks to develop 14,500 schools to “showcase” aspects of the NEP 2020. These schools are to be “exemplars” for other schools in their region. The scheme is for existing elementary, secondary, and senior secondary schools run by the central government and state and local governments across the country.

— So far, 13,070 schools have been selected as PM-SHRI schools. Of them, 1,533 schools are Kendriya Vidyalayas and Navodaya Vidyalayas, which are managed by the Centre.

— A ‘PM-SHRI’ school needs to implement NEP recommendations. The Education Ministry has laid down a set of guidelines — teaching and learning will have to involve innovative methods, like art-based and toy-based learning; vocational education is to be imparted and skill labs to be set up; schools are to ensure that children in younger classes achieve basic literacy and numeracy skills; they are to provide adequate infrastructure and facilities, including labs and computers; testing and assessments will focus on measuring the student’s competencies and not rote learning. These schools are to ensure zero dropouts, and will have to ensure improvement in learning outcomes.

— For curriculum, PM-SHRI schools are to follow either the National Curriculum Framework or the State Curriculum Framework developed by the state on the basis of the NEP.

— The Ministry has developed a School Quality Assessment Framework, a checklist of sorts that can help schools track their “transformation” under the scheme. The funds that a school receives depends on its score on this assessment framework. The scheme is funded by the Centre and states in a 60:40 ratio.

— With Kerala agreeing to implement it, only Tamil Nadu and West Bengal are currently holding out.

— West Bengal has opposed the scheme on the grounds that ‘PM-SHRI’ will have to be pre-fixed to the name of the school, despite the state having to bear part of the cost.

— The Centre has linked the release of funds under the Samagra Shiksha scheme to the implementation of PM-SHRI. Samagra Shiksha is also funded by the Centre and States in a 60:40 ratio.

— Samagra Shiksha funds support implementation of the Right to Education Act, provides uniforms and textbooks to students in government schools, supports differently abled children, and covers reimbursement provided to private schools for admissions under the economically weaker section category. States that refused to implement PM-SHRI have not received funds under Samagra Shiksha.

Do You Know:

— A centrally sponsored scheme is one in which the cost of implementation is mostly split in a 60:40 ratio between the Union government and the states/UTs. The mid-day meal scheme (now PM Poshan) or the PM Awas Yojana are examples of centrally sponsored schemes.

— In the case of the Northeastern states, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, and UTs without legislatures, the Centre’s contribution can go up to 90 per cent.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍What is PM SHRI, the ‘showcase’ schools scheme that Centre is pushing in states?

Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme:

(5) Which of the following provisions of the Constitution of India have a bearing on Education? (UPSC CSE 2012)

1. Directive Principles of State Policy

2. Rural and Urban Local Bodies

3. Fifth Schedule

4. Sixth Schedule

5. Seventh Schedule

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:  

 (a) 1 and 2 only   

 (b) 3, 4 and 5 only  

 (c) 1, 2 and 5 only   

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

 

ECONOMY

Seven electronics projects worth Rs 5,532 crore cleared under component scheme

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies-II, III: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation, Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation, of resources, growth, development and employment.

What’s the ongoing story: The electronics components manufacturing scheme (ECMS) on Monday received another push as seven projects worth Rs 5,532 crore were cleared, marking a strong industry-led response to the government’s drive to localise the production of critical inputs. 

Key Points to Ponder:

— Why is the ECMS needed?

— How is it different from the Production Linked Incentives (PLI)?

— What are the steps taken by the government to make the electronics sector a crucial growth driver for the Indian economy?

— What are the challenges faced by the electronics industry?

— What is the status of India’s electronics industry in global trade?

Key Takeaways:

— The approved projects are expected to collectively generate employment for 5,195 people and help reduce the electronics import bill by around Rs 20,000 crore, Electronics and IT Minister, Ashwini Vaishnaw said.

— Vaishnaw said that the approved projects will cater to a significant share of domestic demand — 27% for PCBs, 15% for camera modules, and full self-reliance for copper laminates and polypropylene films.

— The ECMS, announced in March with an outlay of Rs 22,919 crore, aims to catalyse domestic production of critical components such as PCBs, semiconductor packaging, camera and display sub-assemblies, and lithium-ion battery cells over a six-year horizon. The scheme has received investment proposals worth Rs 1.15 lakh crore. 

— “Against an initial investment target of Rs 59,350 crore, we received commitments worth nearly double that,” Electronics and IT Secretary, S Krishnan said.

Do You Know:

— This incentive scheme differs from the government’s earlier production linked incentive (PLI) scheme for electronics manufacturing in how participating companies can avail subsidies. Incentives have been linked to three key parameters: annual employment generation, capital expenditure needs and annual production.

— The components that the government is looking to target through the scheme include display modules, sub assembly camera modules, printed circuit board assemblies, lithium cell enclosures, resistors, capacitors, and ferrites, among others. These are used in gadgets like smartphones and laptops, and appliances like microwave ovens, refrigerators and toasters, among others.

— The Target Segment Category under Scheme includes

(A) Sub-assemblies

(B) Bare components

(C) Selected bare components

(D) Supply chain ecosystem and Capital equipment

(E) Sub-assembly – Telecom.

— Since its launch in April 2020, the PLI scheme covers 14 sectors as of now. It has helped India achieve scale in manufacturing by attracting OEMs (original equipment manufacturers) as well as contract manufacturers in designated sectors.

— It has also contributed to limited value addition is segments such as surface mounting and PCB (printed circuit board) assembly, product testing, and packaging

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍India must ramp up electronics manufacturing as global firms seek reliable suppliers: PM Modi

📍Why some PLI schemes are in the slow lane; what govt is doing about it

Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:

Account for the failure of manufacturing sector in achieving the goal of labour-intensive exports rather than capital-intensive exports. Suggest measures for more labour-intensive rather than capital-intensive exports. (UPSC CSE 2017)

ALSO IN NEWS

Five milestones of Bihar politics

The political prism of Bihar has reflected and refracted shades of almost every ideology since India’s first general elections in 1952.The state saw three decades of Congress dominance (1952–1990), with its first Chief Minister, Shri Krishna Singh, laying the foundation of modern Bihar. The Congress hegemony was challenged by socialist legend Rammanohar Lohia in 1967. Another leading socialist, Jayaprakash Narayan, led the 1974 Bihar Movement (the JP Movement), heralding the rise of socialist politics. Lalu Prasad and Nitish Kumar later cemented that legacy, ruling Bihar for 35 years, with the BJP sharing power with Nitish for about 17 of them. Here are the five defining landmarks of Bihar’s political journey Congress: Shri Babu and beyond, The Socialist arrival and the dawn of OBC politics, JP, Janata, and Karpoori’s quota within quota, The Mandal era: Lalu Prasad rises, The Nitish-NDA era.

 

PRELIMS ANSWER KEY

1. (d)       2. (c)       3. (c)      4. (b)      5. (d)

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