UPSC Key—19th December, 2023: Suspension of MPs, India’s Arctic Research Station and Places of Worship Act, 1991

New Parliament, new record:78 Opp MPs suspended, highest in a day; total now 92

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance

Main Examination: General Studies II: Parliament and State legislatures—structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story- Seventy-eight Opposition MPs – 33 from Lok Sabha and 45 from Rajya Sabha – were suspended from Parliament on Monday – the highest ever suspensions in a day. With 14 Opposition MPs (13 from Lok Sabha, one from Rajya Sabha) suspended last week, a total of 92 MPs have now been suspended this session.

• Why were the MPs suspended?

• Why do MPs disrupt Parliament?

• What has Parliament done to address these issues?

• Can courts intervene in a matter of suspension of MPs?

• What is the reason for suspending an MP?

• Suspension of MPs-Criteria for Suspension

• For Your Information-The MPs in both Houses were suspended for disrupting Parliamentary proceedings while protesting last week’s Parliament security breach.
In Lok Sabha, the Opposition demanded a statement from Home Minister Amit Shah. Some MPs waved placards with their demands. Three — K Jayakumar, Vijay Vasanth and Abdul Khaleque, all from the Congress — climbed onto the Speaker’s podium.
In Rajya Sabha, the Opposition raised slogans on the Parliament breach and disrupted proceedings.
There is an old tradition, irrespective of which party or alliance is in opposition, of MPs causing a ruckus inside Parliament. “Over the years, four broad reasons have been identified for disorder in legislatures,” Chakshu Roy, head of outreach at PRS Legislative Research, wrote for The Indian Express in 2022.
These are i) the lack of time available to MPs for raising important matters, ii) the unresponsive attitude of the government and retaliatory posture by Treasury benches, iii) deliberate disruption by parties for political or publicity purposes, and iv) the absence of prompt action against MPs disrupting Parliamentary proceedings.
Over the decades, the say the Opposition has in deciding the Parliamentary calendar has been reducing. Not only does the Government set the agenda in Parliament and decide how much time will be dedicated to any issue, Parliamentary procedure also prioritises government business over other matters.
Parliament has not updated its rules over the last 70 years in this regard. All parties have disrupted Parliament — and their view on disruptions have been determined almost always by whether they are in power or not.

• Who can suspend the MPs?

• How MPs in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are Suspended?

• “The Presiding Officer — the Speaker of LS and Chairman of RS — plays the major role in meting out suspensions”-Examine the role of Speaker in this context

• How long can MPs be suspended for?

• Is suspending MPs common practice?

• The 1989 suspension-What you know about the same?

• Do You Know-The 63 MPs were suspended when Rajiv Gandhi was Prime Minister. With more than 400 MPs, the Congress government then enjoyed a brute majority, much like the BJP now.
On March 15, 1989, the Lok Sabha witnessed an uproar over the tabling of the Justice Thakkar Commission of Inquiry into the assassination of former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi [a commission of inquiry under Justice MP Thakkar, set up in 1984]. This led to the suspension of 63 MPs in one go, the highest ever. According to a PRS Legislative Research report, after the suspension, “An Opposition member belonging to the Janata Group (Syed Shahabuddin) who had not been suspended, submitted that he also be treated as suspended and walked out of the House. Three other members (GM Banatwalla, MS Gill and Shaminder Singh) also walked out in protest.”
However, the key difference is that these MPs had been suspended for the remainder of the week, which was three days, while this time, the lawmakers have been barred for the remainder of the House session. Also, the 1989 suspension was revoked a day later, after the members apologised to the Speaker.
In 2015, when Congress was protesting the suspending of its members, then Parliamentary Affairs Minister Venkaiah Naidu had reminded the party of the 1989 incident. “If Congress claims that suspension of 25 of its MPs is a black day for democracy, who set the record and the benchmark?” Naidu had asked.

• Rule Number 373 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business (Lok Sabha)-Know in brief

• What is Rule 256 of Rajya Sabha’s rules of procedure?

• Speaker of Lok Sabha-Role, Powers and Functions

• Chairman of Rajya Sabha – Role, Power and Functions

• What are the Rules under which the Presiding Officer acts?

• Provisions for Suspension of a Member of Parliament- Rules 373, 374, and 374A of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha

• The maximum suspension for Rajya Sabha under Rules 255 and 256

• Is suspending an MP a common practice in Parliament?

• Isn’t the barring of an elected representative of the people an extreme step?

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Rewind: When 63 MPs were suspended from LS in 1989 for ‘unruly conduct”

📍How MPs are suspended

Telecom Bill paves way for allocation of satellite spectrum

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story-The Telecommunications Bill, 2023, has opened the door for administrative allocation of spectrum for satellite broadband services, which is the global norm for assigning spectrum to entities. This could be a big win for Bharti Airtel’s OneWeb, Elon Musk’s Starlink, and Amazon’s Kuiper.

• How is spectrum allocated in India?

• What is administrative allocation of spectrum?

• What is auction allocation of spectrum?

• ‘The assignment of spectrum whether through an auction or administrative allocation for satellite communications was at the heart of a debate between the government and a divided industry’-Why?

• Telecommunications Bill, 2023-Know key highlights

• For Your Information-The Bill seeks to simplify the current licensing regime for telecom networks by moving towards an authorisation system. Currently, the telecom department issues more than 100 types of licences, registrations, and permissions, and the Bill seeks to club many of those in a single authorisation process.
While auctions will continue to be the preferred norm of assigning spectrum to entities, but outside of satellite communications, administrative allocation will be done for sectors like metro rails, community radio, defence, railways, and police, among others.
The Bill also allows the government to take back spectrum that is unutilised for insufficient reasons and also opens the door for sharing, trading, and leasing of spectrum. Entities will be able to surrender unused spectrum, but will not receive payment from the government for it.
A voluntary undertaking mechanism to facilitate voluntary disclosure of inadvertent lapses and to facilitate compliance has been introduced. A tiered structure for settling disputes arising out of breach of terms and conditions involving an adjudicating officer, designated committee of appeals and the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) on top.
Entities have been mandated to carry out biometric authentication of their users as a measure to curb fraud. The provision has raised concerns about the privacy of users.
The Bill empowers the central and state governments or a specially authorised officer to seek interception, disclosure, and suspension powers in case of a public emergency or interest or safety. Press messages, meant for publication in India and of correspondents accredited to state or central governments, have been exempted from interception, although they can be intercepted for national security reasons.
The Bill, which was a surprise addition to the Parliament’s list of business late Sunday evening, also empowers the Centre to take over control and management of telecommunication services and networks in the interest of national security, or in the event of a war.
The Bill tabled in Parliament also lays down eligibility requirements for the chairperson of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) to be appointed from the private sector.

• Telecommunications Bill, 2023-What this bill says about spectrum allocation?

• ‘The big debate over allocation and auction of spectrum, and overhang of the 2012 SC ruling’-What you know so far?

• What was the Supreme Court’s 2012 ruling in the 2G case?

• How Supreme Court’s 2012 ruling in the 2G case will impact spectrum allocation now?

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Telecommunications Bill, 2023: The changes it seeks in the telecom sector, why some have raised concerns

📍Telecom Bill 2023: What powers it gives the government for ‘national security’

GOVT & POLITICS

Centre launches forest certification scheme to counter foreign agencies

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Main Examination: General Studies III: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story- Amid rising international concerns on deforestation and illicit trade in timber, the government has launched its own “national” forest certification scheme to validate entities that adhere to sustainable practices in management of forests and its products.

• What is timber?

• What is timber smuggling?

• How does timber production cause deforestation?

• What is timber logging in deforestation?

• What are the effects of deforestation due to timber logging?

• Is timber illegal in India?

• Why government has launched its own “national” forest certification scheme?

• The Indian Forest and Wood Certification Scheme (IFWCS)-Know in detail

• “The launch of the certification follows the development of new standards for forest management that will be mandatory for all forest divisions in the country”- What new standards for forest management?

• What is forest certification in India?

• What are the benefits of forest certification?

• What are the types of forest certification?

• For Your Information-The launch of the certification follows the development of new standards for forest management that will be mandatory for all forest divisions in the country. “Forests in India are managed according to their respective working plans. These working plans have now been updated with the newly-developed Indian Forest Management Standards that contains eight criteria, 69 indicators and 254 verifiers. These standards will be mandatory for all forest divisions in the country to implement,” Professor Manmohan Yadav of the Bhopal-based
Indian Institute of Forest Management, who was involved in the development of the standards, said. “Getting the certification, however, is not mandatory for the forest divisions, even though they would become eligible if they adhere to these standards. Obtaining the certification would depend on needs,” he said. “But this government-backed certification scheme is a very welcome step. It will bring greater trust and transparency into the processes, and grant greater acceptability to Indian forest-based products in international markets. Right now, it is a government-initiated and government-backed scheme, but eventually it is likely to evolve into an independent entity like the Bureau of Indian Standards or Quality Council of India,” Yadav said.
IFWCS would offer certification for sustainable forest management, sustainable management of trees outside forests like those in plantations, and chain of custody which is a sort of guarantee of the traceability of a forest product throughout its supply chain, from the origins to the market. “Certification may be of use to forest management units, corporations, or wood-based industries, tree growers, timber or NTFP (Non Timber Forest Produce) traders, saw millers, exporters or importers of wood-based and NTFP-based products, and other end-user industries,” the guidelines on the scheme said.
Europe and the United States happen to be the largest export markets for India’s forest-based products, particularly handicraft and furniture. These markets have been tightening the rules for import of forest products because of greater sensitivity around deforestation on climate change concerns. At the Glasgow climate change conference in 2021, over 100 countries had come together in a pledge to halt, and reverse, deforestation by 2030.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Indian Forest & Wood Certification Scheme launched to promote Sustainable Management of forests and agroforestry

📍Our forests are under threat — here’s how they are certified

ASI submits Gyanvapi survey report

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance and History of India

Mains Examination: General Studies II: Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story-The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) on Monday submitted its report on a scientific survey it had undertaken at the Gyanvapi mosque complex in a Varanasi court that had ordered it to ascertain whether the mosque was “constructed over a pre-existing structure of a Hindu temple”.

• Vishwanath temple-Gyanvapi mosque controversy- What is the issue thus far?

• “The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) on Monday submitted its report on a scientific survey it had undertaken at the Gyanvapi mosque complex”-What is in the report?

• What are the historical claims with respect to Gyanvapi mosque?

• What exactly Allahabad High Court (HC) said?

• Gyanvapi Mosque-Know the Style and Architecture

• Kashi Vishwanath Temple Architecture-Know in detail

• How did the Supreme Court enter the picture?

• What Supreme Court said in this matter?

• What are the issues involved in this case?

• Quick Recall-The Gyanvapi Mosque was built in 1669 during the reign of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, who ordered the demolition of the existing Vishweshwar temple at the site, and its replacement by a mosque. This is mentioned in the 1937 book, ‘History of Benares: From the Earliest Times Down to 1937’, by A S Altekar, who was head of the Department of Ancient Indian History and Culture at Banaras Hindu University.
The plinth of the temple was left untouched, and served as the courtyard of the mosque. One of the walls too was spared, and it became the qibla wall, the most important wall in a mosque that faces Mecca. Material from the destroyed temple was used to build the mosque, evidence of which can be seen today.
The name of the mosque is said to have derived from an adjoining well, the Gyanvapi, or Well of Knowledge. An old sculpture of the Nandi bull inside the compound of the present Kashi Vishwanath Temple faces the wall of the mosque instead of the sanctum sanctorum of the temple. It is believed that Nandi is in fact, facing the sanctum sanctorum of the original Vishweshwar temple.
For more than 100 years after the mosque was built, there was no temple at the site. The present Kashi Vishwanath Temple was built in the 18th century by Rani Ahilyabai Holkar of Indore, immediately to the south of the mosque. Over the decades it emerged as one of the most prominent and revered centres of the Hindu religion.
Many Hindus have long believed that the original lingam of the erstwhile Vishweshwar temple was hidden by the priests inside the Gyanvapi well during Aurangzeb’s raid — which has fired the desire to conduct puja and rituals at the sacred place where the mosque now stands.
From time to time, petitioners have laid claim to the mosque, saying it remains the original sacred place of Hindu worship. The VHP’s Ram Temple movement aimed to “liberate”, apart from the Ramjanmabhoomi Temple-Babri Masjid site in Ayodhya, the Kashi-Vishwanath Temple-Gyanvapi mosque site and the Shri Krishna Janmabhoomi in Mathura as well.
The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991 — which mandates that the nature of all places of worship, except the one in Ayodhya that was then under litigation, shall be maintained as it was on August 15, 1947, and that no encroachment of any such place prior to the date can be challenged in courts — applies to the disputed complex in Varanasi.
In April 2021, Fast Track Court Civil Judge (Senior Division) Ashutosh Tiwari ordered the Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India to “get a comprehensive archaeological physical survey” done of the Kashi Vishwanath Temple-Gyanvapi Mosque complex to “find out as to whether the religious structure standing at present at the disputed site is a superimposition, alteration or addition or there is a structural overlapping of any kind, with or over, any religious structure”.
The mosque is not an ASI-protected site, and the ASI has no role in its maintenance or upkeep.
The site is currently opened for Hindu prayers once a year — on the fourth day of the chaitra navratri in April. The petitioners have also sought permission to pray to other “visible and invisible deities within the old temple complex”.

• What is the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act 1991?

• Under what circumstances was the Places of Worship Act, 1991 law enacted, and how did the government justify it?

• How Judiciary has interpreted the Places of Worship Act, 1991?

• The Places of Worship Act, 1991-Know the Key Provisions

• What Section 3 of the Places of Worship Act, 1991 is all about?

• Section 4(1) and Section 4(2) of the Places of worship act, 1991-Know the provisions

• What is Kashi Vishwanath Temple Act, 1983?

• The court cited Section 4 (9) of the Kashi Vishwanath Temple Act, 1983, defines “Temple”-What is Temple?

• Is right to worship a fundamental right?

• What is the meaning of freedom of worship?

• Right to Freedom of Religion from Articles 25 to 28-Know in detail

• Is litigation the best method to resolve disputes between faith-based communities?

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍The Places of Worship Act

📍Court order on Kashi Vishwanath Temple-Gyanvapi Mosque site in Varanasi: history and context

EXPRESS NETWORK

Covid cases up, states told to ramp up testing

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Main Examination: General Studies II: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story-With Covid-19 cases on the rise, particularly in Kerala, the Centre has asked all states to remain vigilant and ensure adequate testing in all districts, with a high proportion of RT-PCR tests.

In a letter to the states, Union Health Secretary Sudhanshu Pant has also asked them to send all positive samples for whole genome sequencing to laboratories of INSACOG. The states have also been asked to regularly report cases of influenza-like illnesses, allowing for detecting rising trends early.

• What is JN.1?

• What do we know about JN.1?

• Do You Know-The sub-variant JN.1 is a descendant of the BA.2.86 variant, commonly referred to as Pirola, and is not exactly new. The first cases of this variant were detected in the United States in September and the first case globally was detected as early as January this year.
While JN.1 contains only one additional mutation on the spike protein as compared with Pirola, it has been on the watch-list of researchers because Pirola contains more than 30 mutations on the spike protein. Mutations on the spike protein of Sars-CoV-2 matter because they are the ones that attach to receptors on a human cell and allow the virus to enter it.

• Can it lead to a surge, or more severe symptoms?

• What has led to the current concerns?

• Do you need additional shots?

• How can you protect yourself?

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Centre writes to states: all you should know about new Covid variant JN.1

THE EDITORIAL PAGE

A climate for change

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change

Mains Examination: General Studies III: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story- Ajay Mathur and Ritu Ahuja writes: Recent multilateral events, including the COP28 at Dubai, have underscored the imperative to transition towards renewable energy for achieving net-zero emissions.

• “The call to triple renewable energy has been highlighted by both the COP presidency and the New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration of G20, in addition to the Nairobi Declaration’s push for a five-fold increase in Africa’s renewable energy capacity by 2030”-Discuss further

• What do you understand by the term ‘energy gap’?

• Why energy gap has profound implications for income generation, health, education, transportation, equity and overall well-being?

• ‘While the decreasing costs of solar photovoltaics (PV) have enabled electricity access through off-grid systems, it is not enough’-Why so?

• ‘To enable and sustain this transition, strengthening partnerships between governments, the private sector and multilateral institutions is essential’-How?

• What are the three-pronged agenda, focused on tripling impact, convened and led by multilateral institutions (MLIs), is imperative to advance this transformative initiative?

• For Your Information-According to the authors, First, the tripling of renewables is key for energy access, energy security, and improved wellbeing. Earlier this year, the IPCC reported that the past decade has seen cost reductions of about 85 per cent in solar power generation, making solar (together with storage) the energy of choice with the highest mitigation potential among all renewables at 4.5 GtCO2e per year. While this fact is well known, increasing solar and other renewables to boost access to affordable and reliable round-the-clock energy in some of the remotest parts of the world remains a challenge. A key impediment in low-income countries often is high borrowing costs, and the ability to provide loans to people and businesses at the bottom of the pyramid.
Second, multilateral institutions are equipped to overcome the challenge associated with mobilising long-term low-cost finance for clean energy. Mechanisms like payment guarantee and partial-risk guarantees have been instrumental and will be more relevant for scaling up in emerging economies.
The ISA’s Global Solar Facility, aiming to leverage $250 million for 1,600 MW of solar projects in Africa, is an example of such risk mitigation strategies. In addition to this, MLIs using their convening power can drive energy transitions towards strengthening regulatory support, institutional mechanisms, conducive business models and access to low-cost finance.
Third, a trifecta of partnerships is needed to ensure that no one is left behind and no one bears the brunt of addressing it alone. Increased collaboration between governments, multilateral institutions and the private sector is essential.
In addition to facilitating finance, business models, and partnerships, multilateral investment institutions hold the potential to streamline technology transfer through the creation of patent pools. An example of the impact of patent pooling is evident in the early 20th century when the Wright Brothers made groundbreaking strides in aviation technology. However, during World War I, the urgent need for fighter aircraft was impeded by major patent holders — the Wright Company and the Curtiss Company — leading to ac production bottleneck.

• Public-Private partnership frameworks to achieve ‘net zero’-issues and challenges

• India’s emission Status-Present Scenario

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍The big victory for climate at COP28

📍COP28: What were the most important decisions, where they fell short

EXPLAINED

India’s first winter of Arctic research: why it matters

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story- Himadri, India’s Arctic Research Station at Ny-Ålesund in the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard in the Arctic Ocean, will now remain operational throughout the year. On Monday (December 18) India sent off its first winter expedition, comprising four scientists from four different institutions, to Himadri.

• Bases in the Arctic-Know in detail

• Map Work-International Arctic Research base in Ny-Ålesund, The area above the Arctic Circle and Eight countries in the Arctic Council

• ‘The polar regions, Arctic and Antarctica, offer pristine environments for scientists to study a range of natural phenomena for atmospheric, oceanic, biological, geological, glaciological and earth sciences research’-Elaborate

• Do You Know-At least 10 countries have set up permanent facilities at the International Arctic Research base in Ny-Ålesund, a small town above the 78th parallel N, about 1,200 km from the North Pole. The Svalbard group of islands is the closest human habitation to the North Pole.
The mean temperature in Ny-Ålesund in February, the coldest month, is minus 14 degree Celsius, and that in July, the warmest, is 5 degree Celsius. Due to the extreme cold, taking scientific observations or sampling has remained largely limited to the summer months. India will join a small group of countries that operate their Arctic research bases through the winter.
The polar regions, Arctic and Antarctica, offer pristine environments for scientists to study a range of natural phenomena for atmospheric, oceanic, biological, geological, glaciological and earth sciences research. In recent years, climate change research has been attracting scientists to the Arctic region.
Research stations of at least 11 countries, including India, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard region of Norway.
The area above the Arctic Circle, north of latitude 66° 34’ N, is part of eight countries — Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the US — who make up the Arctic Council, plus the Arctic Ocean.
Scientific research in the Arctic region is governed by international legal instruments like the Svalbard Treaty of 1920 and the UN Convention on the Law of the Seas, apart from the individual jurisdictions of the Arctic countries.

• India in the Arctic-Know in detail

• How India can help in protecting Arctic?

• What is happening in the Arctic?

• What is Svalbard Treaty?

• For Your Information- India’s permanent research station, Himadri, began operations in July 2008. (Dakshin Gangotri in Antarctica was set up much earlier in 1983, two years after India’s first expedition there. Dakshin Gangotri is now submerged under ice, but India’s two other stations, Maitri and Bharti, are in use.) Himadri, which is currently manned for about 180 days every year, has so far hosted more than 400 Indian researchers who have made a total of about 200 visits to Svalbard.
The winter expedition by four scientists from the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, IIT-Mandi, Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru, and National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Goa, the nodal agency for India’s polar explorations, will last until January 15, 2024. The research areas will include atmospheric sciences, astronomy, astrophysics, and climate studies. Scientists will study lightning over the Arctic in winter, the role of precipitation in climate change, characterisation of radio frequency environment, and the role of aerosols on climate change.
Himadri has been equipped for observations during polar nights (that last longer than 24 hours), and supplied with special winter gear, transport, and logistics support from Norwegian agencies.

• What is the Arctic Council?

• What do the Arctic Council do?

• What are the 8 countries in the Arctic Council?

• For Your Information-The Arctic Council calls itself “the leading intergovernmental forum” for discussing and addressing issues concerning the Arctic region, including scientific research, and peaceful and sustainable use of resources in the region.
The Council was established by the eight Arctic States — the countries whose territories fall in the Arctic region — through the Ottawa Declaration of 1996. The eight Arctic States — Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States — are the only members of the Arctic Council. The suspension of the Council due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine has made it more difficult to hold countries accountable and to monitor wider activity contributing to changes in the Arctic.
Besides them, six organisations representing the indigenous people of the Arctic region have been granted the status of permanent participants. All decision-making happens through consensus between the eight members, and in consultation with the permanent participants.
The Council is not a treaty-based international legal entity like the UN bodies or trade, military or regional groupings like WTO, NATO or ASEAN. It is only an intergovernmental ‘forum’ to promote cooperation in regulating the activities in the Arctic region. It is much more informal grouping.
Through six working groups, each dealing with a specific subject, the Arctic Council seeks to evolve a consensus on the activities that can be carried out in the Arctic region in keeping with the overall objective of conserving the pristine environment, biodiversity, and the interests and well-being of the local populations.

• “The active involvement of India as a member of the Arctic Council to voice the concerns of the Global South could help push for an end to further exploitation”-Analyse

• Examine India’s role in Arctic Council

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Arctic opportunities

📍India unveils its Arctic policy, focuses on combating climate change

📍India in Arctic Council with observer status

For any queries and feedback, contact priya.shukla@indianexpress.com
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