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This is an archive article published on April 16, 2024

UPSC Essentials | Mains answer practice — GS 3 Questions on Raman Effect and UIP (Week 47)

Are you preparing for UPSC CSE 2024? Here are questions from GS paper 3 for this week with essential points as the fodder for your answers. Do not miss points to ponder and answer in the comment box below. Try them out!

UPSC Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 47)

The vaccination record under the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) is now maintained manually. Attempt question on the universal immunisation programme in today's answer writing practice. (Express/File)

UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today’s answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-3 to check your progress.

🚨 The Indian Express UPSC Essentials brings to you the April edition of its monthly magazine. Click Here to read. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at manas.srivastava@indianexpress.com🚨

QUESTION 1

The “Raman Effect” was recognised as groundbreaking in the scientific community. Discuss the importance of Raman effect.

QUESTION 2

What is the Universal Immunisation Programme? Discuss the objectives of the programme and highlight the new vaccines introduced under the programme.

General points on the structure of the answers

Introduction

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— The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction.

— It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts.

Body

— It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content.

— The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points.

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— Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse.

— Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer.

— Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required.

Way forward/ conclusion

— The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction.

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— You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers.

Self Evaluation

— It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers.

THOUGHT PROCESS

You may enrich your answers by some of the following points

QUESTION 1: The “Raman Effect” was recognised as groundbreaking in the scientific community. Discuss the importance of Raman effect.

Introduction:

— Raman Effect refers to the phenomenon in which when a stream of light passes through a liquid, a fraction of the light scattered by the liquid is of a different colour. This happens due to the change in the wavelength of light that occurs when a light beam is deflected by molecules.

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— When light interacts with an object, it can either be reflected, refracted or transmitted. Scientists observed that when light is scattered, the particle it interacts with can change its energy.

Body:

Importance of Raman effect

— The character of the scattered radiations enables us to obtain an insight into the ultimate structure of the scattering substance.

— The discovery of the Raman effect was crucial for quantum theory.

— Its use in chemistry gave birth to a new field known as Raman spectroscopy. It is an analytical tool to conduct nondestructive chemical analysis for both organic and inorganic compounds.

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— The use of Raman spectroscopy allowed to concentrate much stronger beams of light with the invention of lasers.

— It has a wide variety of applications, from studying art and other objects of cultural importance in a non-invasive fashion to finding drugs hidden inside luggage at customs.

Conclusion:

— In 1986, the Government of India designated February 28 as National Science Day to commemorate the announcement of the discovery of the “Raman Effect”.

— Sir CV Raman got Nobel Prize in 1930 for the discovery of Raman effect.

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(Source: National Science Day: The Raman Effect, which CV Raman won the Nobel for)

Points to Ponder

Nobel Prize in physics for 2024

National Science Day 2024

Related Previous Year Questions

The Nobel Prize in Physics of 2014 was jointly awarded to Akasaki, Amano and Nakamura for the invention of Blue LEDs in 1990s. How has this invention impacted the everyday life of human beings? (2021)

Discuss the work of ‘Bose-Einstein Statistics’ done by Prof. Satyendra Nath Bose and show how it revolutionized the field of Physics. (2018)

QUESTION 2: What is the Universal Immunisation Programme? Discuss the objectives of the programme and highlight the new vaccines introduced under the programme.

Introduction:

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— India’s immunisation system is one of the world’s largest public health projects.

— It began as the Expanded Immunisation Programme in 1978 and was later renamed the Universal Immunisation Programme in 1985 after being expanded beyond urban areas.

— India’s Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) delivers vaccines against 11 diseases on a national scale and one disease on a sub-national scale.

— It is the most cost-effective public health strategy, substantially responsible for reducing vaccine-preventable infections and, as a result, contributing to a drop in India’s Under 5 mortality rate from 45 per 1000 live births in 2014 to 35 per 1000 in 2019.

Body:

Objectives of Universal Immunisation Programme

(i) Increase immunisation coverage

(b) Improve the quality of services

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(d) Monitoring of performance

(e) Achieve self-sufficiency in vaccine production

New vaccines introduced under the programme

— In 1986, technology mission on immunisation was introduced which monitored PMO’s 20 point programme and covered infants (0-12 months).

— In 1992, the programme included both UIP and safe mother hood program.

— National Rural Health Mission was launched in 2005 while the government declared 2012 as ‘Year of Intensification of Routine Immunisation’.

— In 2016, to counter the risk of Polio, the tOPV was switched to bOPV. Rotavirus was launched & scaled up in later years.

— In 2017, Measles & Rubella (MR), Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) and Adult Japanese Encephalitis (JE) was launched.

— Tetanus and adult Diphtheria (Td) was introduced in the year 2019.

New Vaccines introduced

— Rotavirus Vaccine (RVV)

— Measles-Rubella (MR) Vaccine

— Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV)

— Tetanus and adult Diphtheria (Td) vaccine

— Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)

Conclusion:

— The Universal Immunisation Programme is one of the largest vaccination projects in the world aimed at protecting children and pregnant mothers from preventable diseases.

— India has consistently contributed to the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by focusing on the immunization of newborns, infants, children, and pregnant women.

— During Covid-19 pandemic, the Co-WIN portal was developed for planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of COVID-19 vaccination in India.

(Source: Govt plans to repurpose CoWIN for its Universal Immunisation Programme, main.mohfw.gov.in)

Points to Ponder

Latest National Family Health Survey

Sustainable Development Goals

What are the economic and social benefits of vaccination?

What is tOPV and bOPV?

Related Previous Year Questions

Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does AI help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of AI in healthcare? (2023)

What is the basic principle behind vaccine development? How do vaccines work? What approaches were adopted by the Indian vaccine manufacturers to produce COVID-19 vaccines? (2022)

Previous Mains Answer Practice

UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 45)

UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 46)

UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 45)

UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 44)

UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 45)

UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 46)

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