Under SC orders, green crackers return to Delhi – can this really clear the air? Here is what experts say

He also said that officials would meet retailers and enforcement departments later in the day to chalk out a compliance plan.

Following the Supreme Court’s order, The Indian Express spoke to experts and scientists to understand the impact of the relaxation.

#WATCH | Lakhisarai, Bihar | On SC allowing bursting of green firecrackers in Delhi-NCR on Diwali, Delhi CM Rekha Gupta says, “It is very important to strike a balance between traditions and environment. I thank the Supreme Court for issuing this order, taking into account the… pic.twitter.com/TCOCN32C7U

— ANI (@ANI) October 15, 2025

Dr Manoj Kumar, air quality analyst at the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), said the timing of Diwali (October 20) this year may slightly reduce the overlap with stubble-burning, but warned that the pollution impact could still be significant.

“This year, the peak stubble-burning period doesn’t coincide with Diwali as the celebrations are sooner [than most years]. Even then, the pollution impact will be substantial,” Dr Kumar said.

He pointed out that the impact of ‘green’ crackers is yet to be comprehensively assessed, and that there is really no foolproof way as yet to ensure that these crackers are indeed low-emission.

“Green crackers have not been studied well… There is only one study by IIT Roorkee and Delhi Technological University (DTU) that found high levels of ultrafine particles. Under the National Clean Air Programme, ultrafine particles smaller than 0.1 micrometre aren’t even measured,” Dr Kumar said.

Also, he said, “There’s no way for a user to know whether a cracker is truly ‘green’.”

The good monsoon and winds currently above the region around Delhi are keeping the air relatively clean, but “We can’t rely only on favourable wind conditions to clear the air,” Dr Kumar said. “The focus [of pollution control] must extend beyond Diwali to year-round pollution sources [such as vehicular emissions, road and construction dust, etc.].”

The idea of green crackers first emerged after a 2015 petition in the Supreme Court by three infants seeking protection from Delhi’s toxic winter air. The court’s 2018 judgment in Arjun Gopal vs Union of India banned conventional fireworks and allowed only reduced-emission ‘green’ variants developed by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) through its National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI).

These green crackers were meant to cut particulate and gas emissions by about 30-40 per cent and keep noise levels under 120 decibels. The Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO) under the Commerce Ministry was tasked with certifying products that met NEERI’s formulations.

Despite repeated bans, however, the illegal manufacturing and sale of traditional fireworks have continued, and Delhi Police have routinely seized thousands of kilograms of banned stock in the weeks leading up to Diwali every year.

Dr R J Krupadam, Chief Scientist at CSIR-NEERI, the organisation that developed the formulations for green crackers, said the institute is continuing work to improve emission standards.

“We have developed formulations that can reduce emissions by up to 60%, but research gaps exist,” he said. “The fireworks industry is important for many livelihoods, but there’s scope to make products more efficient and safer. We’re preparing a standard operating procedure for uniform banned-chemical testing, since different labs currently use different methods, leading to inconsistent results.”

Dr Krupadam added that the use of chemicals such as barium, lithium, arsenic, antimony, lead, and mercury, which have traditionally been used in the manufacture of firecrackers, remain banned across India.

“These substances are not permitted in any formulation. We develop the formulations [for the firecrackers] and then provide these to manufacturers, and the testing report goes to PESO.”

According to Mohan George, a former Additional Director of the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC), the city’s earlier experiments with green crackers have shown that enforcement remains the weakest link.

“It was a failure when green crackers were tested experimentally in 2018,” he said. “The difference in chemical composition between green and traditional crackers cannot be verified in the field. QR codes and stickers didn’t help. You have to make the supply chain foolproof, and it’s very difficult for the police to differentiate [between green crackers and conventional ones].”

Anil Sood, an environmental activist in Delhi and president of the NGO Chetna, said the very idea of a ‘green’ firecracker is misleading.

“Every year, action [against air pollution] happens for four months [during the winter] and then stops. The bigger sources [of pollution]…open waste-burning, pollution from landfills, power plants, railway stations, bus stops, remain unmonitored. Policies have remained directionless while air quality worsens,” Sood said.

The Supreme Court has asked the Central and State Pollution Control Boards to monitor air, water, and soil quality in the NCR between October 14 and 25, and to submit a report before the next hearing.