UPSC Key: Modi-Xi meeting, Swadeshi and DIGIPIN

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies-II: India and its neighbourhood- relations, Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

What’s the ongoing story: As their countries move to repair ties after a five-year military standoff along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in eastern Ladakh, Prime Minister Narendra Modi will meet Chinese President Xi Jinping around noon local time Sunday, before the summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation in Tianjin, 120 km away from Beijing.

Key Points to Ponder:

— What is the history of India-China relations? 

— What are the areas of cooperation and conflict between India and China?

— India-China Border Dispute- Know the background

— What do you understand by de-escalation and disengagement?

— Know about the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.

— What is the Yarlung Tsangpo project? Why does China want this megaproject?

—  What are the specific concerns for India?

Key Takeaways:

— The meeting of the two leaders within 10 months — Modi and Xi last met in the Russian city of Kazan in October 2024 on the sidelines of the BRICS summit — is a signal that the two sides are going to give a special thrust to bilateral ties, and Delhi will be keen to push for a “step-by-step” stabilisation of the relationship.

— The two leaders are expected to give their stamp of approval on a calendar of activities to be organised to mark the 75th anniversary of bilateral relations — last-minute diplomatic talks were underway Saturday.

— The Prime Minister flew into Tianjin from Japan — this is his first to China in seven years — for the SCO summit from August 31 to September 1.

— But the global situation, especially the strain in ties between Delhi and Washington following US President Donald Trump’s announcement of 50 per cent tariffs on India, and his administration’s daily diatribe over India’s import of Russian oil, has complicated the situation for Delhi.

— It is against this backdrop that Delhi has come to Tianjin and hopes that the exercise to repair India-China ties is carried forward.

—  The Special Representatives, NSA Ajit Doval and Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi, held the 24th Round of Talks on the India-China Boundary Question on August 19 in Delhi.

— During the talks, a 10-point consensus was reached, and the two sides agreed to utilise the border management and control mechanisms through diplomatic and military channels, China’s Defence Spokesperson Zhang Xiaogang said, commenting for the first time on the outcome of the dialogue.

— Delhi views the Chinese military’s statements as a positive signal. The Doval-Wang talks produced five concrete outcomes that included setting up an expert group under the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination (WMCC) to explore an “early harvest in boundary delimitation. 

— The Modi-Xi meeting in Kazan in October 2024 resulted in disengagement of troops from two key friction points in eastern Ladakh, followed by talks leading to the resumption of the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra, Indian visas for Chinese tourists and steps for revival of direct flights between the two countries.

— These efforts to repair ties did take a hit in May when India came across evidence of active Chinese assistance to the Pakistan military during the hostilities that followed Operation Sindoor. On August 19, Wang Yi met Modi in Delhi and handed him an invitation from Xi to attend the SCO.

— The difficult issue of de-escalation in eastern Ladakh still remains and the two sides have agreed to move forward on that as well. An estimated 50,000 to 60,000 troops are stationed on either side of the LAC in the region.

Do You Know:

— The LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory. India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km. It is divided into three sectors: the eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim, the middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, and the western sector in Ladakh.

— China has formally started the construction of the USD 167.8 billion dam over the Brahmaputra river in Tibet, closer to the Indian border in Arunachal Pradesh.

— Chinese Premier Li Qiang announced the start of the construction of the dam at a ground-breaking ceremony in the lower reaches of the Brahmaputra river, locally known as Yarlung Zangbo, at Nyingchi City, official media reported.

— The hydropower project, regarded as the biggest infrastructure project in the world, raised concerns in the lower riparian countries, India and Bangladesh.

— The Brahmaputra is a transboundary river with its basin spreading approximately 5,80,000 square kilometers across China (50.5%), India (33.3%), Bangladesh (8.1%) and Bhutan (7.8%).

— In India, it covers 1,94,413 square kilometers, which is about 5.9% of the country’s total geographical area. It encompasses areas of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim and West Bengal.

— The river originates from Chemayungdung Glacier located in the east of the Mansarovar Lake in the Kailash ranges of Tibet. It flows eastward for nearly 1,200 kilometers in Tibet as the Yarlung Tsangpo River.

— At Namcha Barwa, the river takes a ‘U’ turn, known as the Great Bend, and enters India through Arunachal Pradesh (west of Sadiya town), where it is known as the Siang/Dihang River.

— After flowing southwest, it is joined by the Dibang and Lohit rivers as left-bank tributaries and subsequently, it is known as the Brahmaputra River.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Thaw in China chill: Direct flights, Mansarovar Yatra, easing of visas

📍Line of Actual Control (LAC): Where it is located, and where India and China differ

📍Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme:

(1) “Belt and Road Initiative” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of : (UPSC CSE 2016)

(a) African Union

(b) Brazil

(c) European Union

(d) China

Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:

‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. (UPSC CSE 2017)

 

GOVT & POLITICS

Behind Japan’s investment numbers, a message to US President Trump

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies-II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

What’s the ongoing story: AT A time when the US administration has come down hard on the Indian economy by imposing tariffs and President Donald Trump described it as a “dead economy”, Japan has increased its investment target from 5 trillion Yen (USD 34 billion) to 10 trillion Yen (USD 68 billion), in what is being seen as a vote of confidence for New Delhi. 

Key Points to Ponder:

— What is the history of India-Japan relations?

— What are the areas of cooperation between India and Japan?

— What are the major outcomes of the recent visit of PM Modi to Japan?

— India and Japan are members of which international organisations?

— What is the purpose of the India-Japan Economic Forum?

— Which military exercises are conducted between India and Japan?

— Read about the Japan–India–Africa Forum.

Key Takeaways:

— Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who was in Japan for two days, wrapped up his visit on Saturday with a ride on the bullet train with Japan Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba.   

— Behind the headline number are Japan’s investments in India that have continued to accelerate, in a strong signal of confidence.

— The two sides had set a target of 5 trillion Yen for public and private investments and financing by 2026. That, sources said, had already been achieved in 2025, and the target was increased to 10 trillion Yen.

— Over 170 MoUs signed in two years represent more than USD 13 billion in committed investments, said sources.

— “This spread of investment across steel, automotive, renewables, semiconductors, real estate and aerospace cements Japan’s confidence in India’s long-term economic potential,” a source said.

— The second element in Japanese investments is providing benefits to Indian SMEs. Sources said Japanese industry partnerships are pulling Indian SMEs into global supply chains.  

— The third element is pertaining to the farmers and sustainable development.

— The fourth element is about exports and manufacturing with Japanese joint ventures and know-how. Source said that Japanese JVs in India will unlock export growth. 

— The fifth element is about human resources and knowledge exchange. There will be a sectoral focus on semiconductors, AI, IT, robotics and clean energy.

— The sixth element is Assam–ASEAN Holdings MoU. A notable MoU was signed between the Government of Assam and M/s ASEAN Holdings, highlighting Japan’s commitment to India’s northeast.

— The seventh element is ‘Make in India, make for the world’. The vision now extends beyond bilateral ties as at the Japan–India–Africa Forum and recently held 9th TICAD Summit in Tokyo, India emerged as an anchor country for connectivity and industrial corridors.

— Its priorities are mineral security (rare earths, lithium, cobalt), supply chain resilience in semiconductors and EVs, export markets in Africa and Middle East for Made-in-India goods with Japanese technology.

— This ensures that “Make in India, Make for the World” is realised, with India-Japan partnership shaping not just economies but also regional security and resilience.

Do You Know:

— The partnership between India and Japan, two of Asia’s leading democracies and among the world’s top five economies, is rooted in civilizational ties that have been reinforced by convergence in their regional and global outlooks.

— India’s Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) align closely with Japan’s Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP) policy. Japan leads IPOI’s connectivity pillar, and is India’s largest Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) donor.

— Cooperation between the countries extends to plurilateral platforms such as the Quad, International Solar Alliance (ISA), Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), and Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI).

— Malabar (with the US and Australia), Milan (multilateral naval), JIMEX (bilateral maritime), Dharma Guardian (Army), and Coast Guard cooperation are held regularly. 2024-25 saw the participation of service chiefs in India and Japan, strengthening interoperability.

— India-Japan pacts are building the bridge to a new era of cooperation. Some key elements of the partnership:

— Investment pledge: Over 170 MoUs signed in two years represent more than USD 13 billion in committed investments

— Focus on SMEs: Japanese industry partnerships are enabling Indian SMEs enter global supply chains

— Farming & sustainable Development: Japanese cooperation is directly empowering India’s rural economy through green energy projects

— Export Boost: Exports and manufacturing with Japanese joint ventures and know-how also unlocks India’s export growth

— Talent mobility & knowledge exchange: The target is 5 lakh Indians and Japanese exchanges in 5 years via study abroad, internships and employment

— Northeast development: The Assam–ASEAN Holdings MoU focuses on investment in industrial infrastructure, logistics, and agro-based industries in the NE region

— ‘Make in India, make for the world’: The vision is being realised with India-Japan partnership shaping not just economies but also regional security and resilience

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍EXPLAINED: The India-Japan partnership

📍Explained: As PM Modi lands in Tokyo, an overview of the India-Japan relationship

Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme:

(2) Consider the following countries (UPSC CSE 2014)

1. Denmark

2. Japan

3. Russian Federation

4. United Kingdom

5. United States of America

Which of the above are the members of the ‘Arctic Council’?

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only

(c) 1, 4 and 5 only

(d) 1, 3 and 5 only

Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:

‘The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary relationship, one involving global and strategic partnership that will have a great significance for Asia and the world as a whole.’ Comment. (UPSC CSE 2019)

 

EXPRESS NETWORK

Govt plans to cut down on imports of pharma agents, biofuel enzymes

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Main Examination: General Studies-II, III: Government Policies and interventions, Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, biotechnology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.

What’s the ongoing story: From active pharmaceutical agents for making key medicines to enzymes needed for developing biofuels, and reagents needed for manufacturing biofertilizers — the government under its BioE3 policy plans to set up around 16 biomanufacturing hubs across the country to ensure that India starts making the components for which it is largely dependent on imports.

Key Points to Ponder:

— What is the BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment) policy?

— What are the salient features of BioE3 policy?

— How can BioE3 policy benefit India?

— What is carbon capture?

— What are Smart Proteins?

— What are the challenges associated with setting up of biomanufacturing hubs?

Key Takeaways:

—  The government has already listed 1,000 such products for which there is a need to develop indigenous manufacturing facilities, which will be put on a website soon.

— There has been a push towards manufacturing within the country since Covid-19 pandemic, with government policies such as performance-linked financial incentives to drug manufacturers. The department has been somewhat successful in scaling-up manufacturing of some of the drugs, but fermentation-based products still remain a challenge for the country.

— With plans of setting up large fermenters of around 500 litres or 1,000 litres, these hubs can help push the manufacturing of not just fermentation-based medicines but also other products such as biofuels. 

— These biomanufacturing hubs, in addition, will also look at scaling up innovative solutions such as novel monoclonal antibody treatments, new technologies for carbon capture, or smart proteins to improve nutrition developed under the programme from proof of concept to market ready products.

— The Department of Biotechnology has already supported a set up of six biofoundries — a specialised facility that helps to develop and conduct the initial tests.

— The biomanufacturing hubs will be set up in research institutes, private companies that specialise in a particular form of manufacturing, or near existing knowledge hubs for specific industries.

— The facilities can be accessed by government and private research institutes, universities, and colleges, along with start-ups and other companies. While the private companies will be charged, mainly to cover the cost of consumables, human resources, and other overhead charges.

— As per its policy, the start-ups will be charged a maximum of 5% over the actual costs while companies may be charged up to 15% over the cost. The policy also states that the facility will not claim any intellectual property rights.

Do You Know:

— The BioE3 Policy is aligned with India’s vision of Green Growth (announced in the Union Budget 2023-24) and also with the clarion call of the Prime Minister on ‘Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE)’ that envisions collective approach towards sustainability.

— The objective of the BioE3 Policy is to set forth a framework that ensures the adoption of cutting-edge advanced technologies, and aligning innovative research for promoting Biomanufacturing.

— The BioE3 Policy outlines guidelines and principles for enabling mechanisms for ‘Fostering High Performance Biomanufacturing’ in the country across diverse sectors.

— The Policy aims at revolutionizing the biomanufacturing process for enhanced efficiency, sustainability, and quality while also accelerating the development and production of bio-based high-value products.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Centre’s new BioE3 policy: How can biotechnology be harnessed for economic development?

UPSC Prelims Practice Question Covering similar theme:

(3) The Centre unveiled its BioE3 policy to harness the power of biotechnology. The E3 refers to:

1. Energy

2. Employment

3. Environment

4. Economy

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only

(c) 1, 2 and 4 only

(d) 1, 3 and 4 only

 

OPINION

From Gandhi to Modi: A new shade of Swadeshi 

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Main Examination: General Studies-I, II: Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, The Freedom Struggle — its various stages, Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests.

What’s the ongoing story: Vikas Pathak writes- “A day ahead of the kicking in of 50% “Trump tariffs” on an array of Indian exports by the US on Wednesday, Prime Minister Narendra Modi repeated his message of “Atmanirbhar Bharat” and “Swadeshi”.” 

Key Points to Ponder:

— Read about the Swadeshi Movement. 

— What can be the implications of the higher tariff imposed by the US on India?

— What steps should be taken to manage the implications of higher tariffs?

— Prime Minister Narendra Modi has made a renewed push for ‘Swadeshi’. How do you see it harking back to the Swadeshi movement of 1905-1911?

— On July 19, 1905, the then Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, announced the division of Bengal into two provinces. What were the major factors behind this decision? 

—- How did political agitation in response to the partition of Bengal paved the way for a new phase in the Indian national movement? 

— Compare the Swadeshi Movement with later Gandhian movements in terms of methods and mass participation.

— Read about the liberalization of the Indian economy and economic reforms.

Key Takeaways:

— “In an address to mark the start of export of electric vehicles made at the Maruti Suzuki plant at Hansalpur in Gujarat, Modi said: “My definition of Swadeshi is very simple: it doesn’t matter whose money is invested, whether it is dollars or pounds, whether the currency is black or white… What matters is that in production, the sweat belongs to my countrymen.”

— “The words Swadeshi and Aatmanirbhar have a long history in India, going back more than a century, to the days of the freedom struggle. While for Mahatma Gandhi it meant production in India – in what he considered the non-mechanised, Indian way – Modi’s interpretation is production in India, irrespective of the origins of the company making the goods.”

— “Before Gandhi burst on to the political scene, Swadeshi (or from one’s own land) rose as a powerful idea starting 1905, when Indians protested against the Partition of Bengal by the British government into a Hindu-majority and a Muslim-majority province.”

— “However, it acquired greater intensity from 1920 onwards under Gandhi, who identified it as not just a cultural metaphor for Indianness against colonial culture, but also as a powerful form of resistance against British colonialism.”

— “As the Independence movement adopted the concept of Swadeshi, and called for the boycott of all things foreign, the impact showed. By 1936, 62% of the cloth sold in India was made by Indians, with the figure jumping to 76% in 1945,” Tharoor writes in his book Inglorious Empire – What the British Did To India. 

— “Gandhi’s push for the charkha (spinning wheel), on which people could spin their own yarn, took the Swadeshi concept one step further – challenging colonialism in a simple language while also striking deep at its core economic logic.”

— “The idea of Atmanirbharta, or self-reliance, was one of the defining features of a newly independent and struggling India in the Jawaharlal Nehru years.”

— “Trying to find her feet in the large shadow cast by her father, Nehru’s daughter Indira Gandhi turned to redistribution as her economic priority framework, coming up with the slogan of poverty alleviation. The tensions with the US, which was seen as pro-Pakistan, also made her government lean towards the Soviet Union, further injecting a streak of socialism in her government.”

— “The 1980s saw some liberalisation measures in export-import policy, fiscal policy and foreign investment – signifying that the grip of Swadeshi as an idea of national policy was loosening. But even as imports shot up in the late 1980s, this wasn’t matched by a rise in exports.”

— “With globalisation and liberalisation becoming State policy, the discourse of Swadeshi became the mantra of the Opposition. Thus was born the Swadeshi Jagran Manch, finding a corner under the large umbrella of the Sangh Parivar. On the other end of the spectrum, the Left opposed the policy shift as bringing in evils of “neoliberalism”.”

— “The renewed focus on Swadeshi and Atmanirbhar Bharat by PM Modi now reflects both the tight corner the US administration has put India in, as well as his own government’s muscular nationalistic imagination of itself. As the Chief Minister of Gujarat, Modi prided himself on his Vibrant Gujarat Summits, which showcased investment into the country. As PM, the ambition of his government was becoming “Vishwaguru”, a destination the world would make a beeline to.”

— “As US President Donald Trump deals a huge setback to these visions of the Modi government, the definition of Swadeshi in the narrow terms of production in India means the PM has kept the door open for a switch should circumstances change.”

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Revisiting the legacy of Swadeshi movement amid Trump’s tariff tirade

UPSC Prelims Practice Question Covering similar theme:

(4) Where was the idea of boycotting British goods first proposed during India’s struggle for independence?

(a) Weekly Sanjivani

(b) Bipin Chandra Pal’s New India

(c) British House of Commons 1907

(d) Public meeting in Calcutta Town Hall in 1905

 

ECONOMY

Department of Posts, MapmyIndia partner to promote DIGIPIN

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies-II: Government Policies and interventions.

What’s the ongoing story: The Department of Posts (DOP), under the Ministry of Communications, on Friday inked a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with geospatial solutions provider MapmyIndia – Mappls at Dak Bhawan. The agreement is aimed at utilising the company’s mapping platform and products to support DIGIPIN. 

Key Points to Ponder:

— What is DIGIPIN?

— What are the features of DIGIPIN?

— What are the benefits of DIGIPIN?

— What is the significance of a standardised digital addressing system for governance and service delivery?

—- How are geospatial technologies improving digital infrastructure in India?

— What are the challenges in implementing a universal digital addressing system in India? 

Key Takeaways:

— Under the MOU, MapmyIndia will support the Know Your DIGIPIN application by providing base maps for integration, allowing visibility and accurate DIGIPIN generation, according to an official statement by the Department of Posts.

— DIGIPIN will also be incorporated into the Mappls application to enhance searchability and navigation using the utility. Existing addresses in the MapmyIndia database will be allocated DIGIPINs in a boost for location-based services and to promote DIGIPIN adoption across platforms. 

— Speaking on the occasion, Harpreet Singh, Member (Operations), DOP, said, “This partnership will significantly enhance DIGIPIN’s reach and accessibility. By integrating with MapmyIndia’s mapping platform, we are creating a standardised digital addressing system that will benefit millions of citizens and strengthen India’s digital infrastructure for efficient service delivery.”

Do You Know:

— The Indian government has launched a new digital address system called DIGIPIN that aims to enable the precise identification of locations in the country.

— DIGIPIN is a unique ten-character alphanumeric code that can be generated for any property that is approximately 4 by 4 square meters on Indian land. This means that unique DIGIPINs can be generated for nearly all types of properties, including in urban locations and rural areas across different maritime zones.

— The Department of Posts has developed the underlying technology of DIGIPIN in collaboration with Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad and the National Remote Sensing Centre, which works under the aegis of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

— Each DIGIPIN is encoded with the geographic coordinates of that property so it does not store any personal information. The DIGIPIN will not replace the traditional six-digit PIN system. Instead, it is intended to act as an extra layer of precision built on top of existing postal addresses.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Knowledge Nugget: DIGIPIN – What it is and why it matters for your UPSC exam

📍MapmyIndia becomes first to integrate DIGIPIN for more accurate location information

ALSO IN NEWS
Legal challenges cloud Trump’s tariff powers as India faces 50% tariff	Days after steep 50 per cent US tariffs on India came into effect, a US appeals court on Friday ruled that a majority of US President Donald Trump’s tariffs derived from powers under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) are illegal. The court said the tariffs, however, will continue to remain in place until October 14, giving the Trump administration a window to appeal to the US Supreme Court.
NYT: Trump may not visit India for Quad meet this yr	NEW DELHI had in June said that US President Donald Trump had accepted Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s invitation to visit India for the Quad Leaders’ Summit later this year, but according to a New York Times report Trump may not be visiting India this fall. There is, however, no confirmation from New Delhi or Washington on the proposed visit.
India to become world’s third largest economy soon: RBI Guv	Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor Sanjay Malhotra on Saturday said India will become the world’s third largest economy soon, and credited the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana for boosting the country’s growth. Addressing a government banks’ financial inclusion campaign “Santripti Shivir” at Rangwasa village in Indore, Malhotra said the central government and the RBI had launched the Jan Dhan Yojana in collaboration with banks 11 years ago, leading to development across the nation.

 

Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – Indian Express UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.

🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for August 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at manas.srivastava@indianexpress.com🚨