Knowledge Nugget: How is Ancient India’s contribution to Science important for UPSC?

In this article, on the occasion of National Science Day, we will look at the significant contribution of ancient India in the field of science that continues to inspire youth in the country.

Key Takeaways:

📍The Indian origin of Zero: In the 6th and 7th Century C.E. Indian mathematician Brahmagupta was the first to clearly define zero (as what remains when a number is subtracted from itself) and explore all its properties. He also invented negative numbers as a concept.

📍Decimal system of numerals: According to A. L. Bhasm, there is no doubt that decimal system was discoved by Indians. Even the Arabs themselves called mathematics “the Indian (art)” (hindisat). It was learned by Muslim world either through trade or through the Arabs who conquered Sind.

📍The atomic theory of Kanad: The sixth-century scientist of Vaisheshika School, Kanad had given his atomic theory that the material universe is made up of kanas, (anu/atom) which cannot be seen through any human organ. These cannot be further subdivided. Thus, they are indivisible and indestructible. This is similar to the modern atomic theory.

📍Earthquake cloud theory: Varahamihira in his book Brhat Samhita has devoted a chapter on signs of earthquakes. He has tried to relate earthquakes to the influence of planets, undersea activities, underground water, unusual cloud formation, and abnormal behaviour of animals.

📍Position of nine planets: Aryabhata was the first mathematician who discovered the position of nine planets and mentioned that they revolve around the sun. The mathematician has made a huge contribution to the place value system.

📍Cyclic Method to solve algebraic equations: Bhaskaracharya in his book Siddanta Shiromani has introduced the Chakrawat Method or the Cyclic Method to solve algebraic equations.

📍Medicine: Charak in his book Charak Samhita had given a description of a large number of diseases and gives methods of identifying their causes as well as the method of their treatment. He was the first who emphasise that digestion, metabolism, and immunity are important for health.

📍 Metallurgy:  The Iron Pillar of Delhi stands as evidence of ancient India’s advanced metallurgical knowledge, particularly in corrosion resistance. Wootz steel, primarily iron with a high proportion of carbon, is known for high durability and strength has originated in India.

Sushruta Science and Technology Heritage of India Gallery – Science Exploration Hall – Science City, Kolkata (Source: Biswarup Ganguly/Wikimedia Commons)

📍Surgery: Sushruta is often referred to as the “Father of Surgery”. His works have immensely contributed to the field of surgery, especially cosmetic surgery and medical practices within the global community. His work in the book “Sushruta Samhita” reflects his mastery of surgical techniques and human anatomy, marking him as a pioneering figure in the history of medicine.

📍Yoga: The Yoga Sutras of Patanjal has systematically presented the science of Yoga. Yoga developed in ancient India as an allied science of Ayurveda for healing without medicine at the physical and mental levels.

(Read more: National Quantum Mission: How Quantum Technologies can benefit different sectors, Five famous Indian mathematicians of all time, A. L. Basham: The Wonder That Was India)

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