UPSC Key | GNSS-based Electronic Toll collection, Peace Pact and more

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Govt & Politics

Eye on China, PM says India for development, not expansionism

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination:  Current events of national and international importance

Mains Examination: GS-II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India

What’s the ongoing story- Amid China’s aggressive behaviour in the Indo-Pacific region, Prime Minister Narendra Modi underlined in Brunei that India doesn’t support “expansionism” but supports “development”. 

Prerequisites: 

— Map work: Brunei and Singapore

(Prime Minister Narendra Modi set out Tuesday on a three-day visit to Brunei Darussalam and Singapore in a bid to boost ties and celebrate diplomatic milestones.)

— Read about ASEAN, India’s Act East Policy, and the Indo-Pacific vision. 

(Both Brunei and Singapore are key partners in India’s Act East Policy and the Indo-Pacific vision. The Prime Minister’s visit aims to strengthen these relationships and expand India’s engagement with the broader ASEAN region.)

— What is UNCLOS?

Key takeaways:

— Modi, who met Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah on Thursday in Brunei’s capital Bandar Seri Begawan, stressed the need to respect “freedom of navigation and overflight”. The two leaders are meeting amid tensions in the South China Sea, where Chinese and Philippine Coast Guard vessels jousted over an island situated just 138 kilometres from the Philippines’ west coast and 1,200 kilometres from China’s southernmost province of Hainan.

— According to the joint statement issued after the bilateral talks, “Both leaders reiterated their commitment to maintaining and promoting peace, stability, maritime safety and security, as well as respecting freedom of navigation and overflight and unimpeded lawful commerce, consistent with international law, notably the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982. The leaders also urged all parties to resolve disputes through peaceful means in accordance with international law, particularly UNCLOS 1982.”

— Brunei claims to be part of the South China Sea, most of which Beijing says belongs to China. But unlike some other countries with claims in the region, Brunei has kept silent on its own claim to a relatively small area off northern Borneo, focusing on growing trade ties with China as the oil-reliant nation diversifies its economy.

— Officials said New Delhi is looking at capitalising on Brunei’s potential to tap into its China+1 strategy. India also has vital stakes in the South China Sea, as almost 55 per cent of its trade passes through the disputed waters.

For Your Information:

— Prime Minister Narendra Modi arrived in Brunei Tuesday, on the first leg of his two-nation trip that will also include Singapore. He is the first Indian Prime Minister to travel to Brunei on a bilateral visit.

— The Indian diaspora in Brunei is about 14,000 and they comprise a substantial number of doctors and teachers who, he said, have earned goodwill and respect for their contributions to Brunei’s economy and society.

— There have been regular visits by Indian Navy and Coast Guard ships – ICGS Sagar in March 2014; INS Shakti in August 2014; INS Airavat in May 2016; INS Satpura in November 2017; ICGS Shaunak in January 2019.

— INS Jalashwa visited Brunei in May 2021 to bring back Covid relief donated by the Indian diaspora. INS Shivalik and INS Kadmatt visited Muara Port in August 2021 for PASSEX with Brunei. Bruneian ship KDB Darulaman participated in MILAN 2012 (Andamans); and Royal Brunei Navy’s Ship KP 80 Daruttaqwa visited Mumbai in August 2014.

— Other than naval ties, Brunei plays a role in the Indian space programme. India established a Telemetry, Tracking and Command station in Brunei in 2000 which tracks and monitors eastward launches of Indian satellites and satellite launch vehicles.

Points to Ponder: 

— What is China’s expansionist policy?

— India must take a leadership role in developing a diplomatic and strategic counter to Chinese expansionism. Discuss. 

(Refer:‘Indian resistance to China’s expansionism would be a definitive moment in Asia’s geopolitical evolution.’)

Post Read Question:

(1) Which of the following statements are not true with reference to India-Brunei relationship?

1. Brunei plays an important role in the Indian space programme.

2. Brunei is an important partner in India’s ‘Act East’ Policy and Indo-Pacific Vision.

3. Brunei is India’s largest trade partner in the ASEAN bloc.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) Only 2

(b) Only 1 and 3

(c) Only 2

(d) Only 3

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

Amid South China Sea tensions, PM Modi in Brunei to discuss defence ties

Center, Tripura sign peace pact with two insurgent group

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination:  Current events of national importance and polity

Mains Examination: GS III: Security – Linkages between development and spread of extremism

What’s the ongoing story- Over 328 cadres of the National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) and the All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF) will give up arms after the banned insurgent outfits signed a memorandum of settlement with the Central and Tripura Governments in New Delhi on Wednesday.

Prerequisites: 

— What is the historical background of insurgency in Tripura?

Key takeaways:

— “Today’s settlement is the 12th settlement for the Northeast and the third related to Tripura. As of now, 10,000 insurgents have surrendered, shunned their arms and returned to the mainstream,” said Amit Shah, adding that the Central Government has sanctioned a Rs 250-crore package to support the rebels’ transition.

— “Since he became prime minister, Narendra Modi has espoused a vision of a developed Northeast. There was a big distance between the people of Northeast and Delhi,” he said, adding that Modi had not only bridged the distance through railways, roads and airways but also brought people’s hearts together.

— Shah also cited the agreement signed with Bru migrants in 2020: “Thousands of Brus are living in nice houses and their children are going to school. They are thinking of employment. They also have access to over 300 centrally sponsored schemes,” he said.

For Your Information:

— Although armed struggle in Tripura dates back to 1967, when a small outfit called Sengkrak took up arms, the thick of insurgency came in the late ’80s, when a series of insurgent groups including the NLFT and the ATTF rose. While most of these have largely been defunct, a small faction of the NLFT is said to be active in Bangladesh.

— Insurgency largely came down during the Left Front government’s rule when lucrative offers of an instant grant of Rs 1.5 lakh, vocational training and a Rs 2,000 stipend prompted insurgents to give up arms.

— The previous agreements Union Home Minister Amit Shah referred to include the 2019 NLFT peace accord, the agreement for Bru migrants’ permanent resettlement in Tripura, the 2020 Boro Accord in Assam in 2020, the 2021 Karbi Peace Accord in Assam, Adivasi Accord, the 2022 Assam-Meghalaya interstate boundary agreement, the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh interstate boundary agreement, the Dimasa peace accord, the UNLF accord and the 2023 ULFA Accord.

(Note: These agreements and accords are important for UPSC Prelims. Take a note!))

Points to Ponder: 

— Why does the lifting of  AFSPA send out a positive message for North East India?

— How has insurgency impacted the socio-political landscape of the Tripura?

The Ideas Page

A living Constitution museum

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Indian polity and Governance- Constitution

Mains Examination: GS-II: Constitution & Polity

What’s the ongoing story- C Raj Kumar writes— “On November 26, 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution of India. It came into effect on January 26, 1950, which we celebrate as Republic Day. This year, we are celebrating the 75th anniversary of adopting the Constitution. In 2015, the Government of India declared November 26 — hitherto known as National Law Day — as Constitution Day.”

Prerequisites: 

— What is the significance of the Constitution?

— What are the characteristics and important sources of the Constitution of India?

— Read about the constituent assembly.

Key takeaways: 

— “The Constituent Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on December 9, 1946, and its last session was held on January 24, 1950. Its members had embarked on the herculean task of drafting the Constitution at a time of major social, economic and political upheaval in the country.”

— “The provisions of the Constitution reflect a far-sighted vision on the part of the members..They fully appreciated that the Constitution was not just a legal document outlining various legal rights and freedoms — they also wanted it to usher in a social revolution.”

— “The 75-year journey of the Constitution of India, including its continuous interpretation by the courts and the various amendments by Parliament, makes it among the world’s most dynamic and evolving constitutions. It is indeed the right time to establish the Constitution Museum as an ever-lasting legacy that celebrates the vision and farsightedness of its founders.”

— “Such a museum ought to have five primary objectives. One, building the legacy of the Constitution as an institution…Two, the museum would democratise the understanding of the Constitution and access to it…Three, it should promote civic education in order to empower the citizenry…Four, the museum should celebrate and pay tribute to the framers of the Constitution and the nation’s unsung heroes…Five, a museum would help contribute to wider conversations about the Constitution and Indian democracy.”

For Your Information: 

— In May 2015, the Union Cabinet announced that November 26 to be observed as Constitution Day to promote “constitutional values amongst citizens”. This was the year that marked the 125th birth anniversary of BR Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution. Other members included Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel and Shayama Prasad Mukherjee, among others.

— The last session of the Constituent Assembly ended on November 26, 1949, when the Constitution was adopted, and two months later on January 26, 1950 it came into effect after 284 members signed it. January 26 was chosen since the Congress’ Poorna Swaraj resolution was declared on this day in the year 1930. 

Points to Ponder: 

— Why Indian Constitution is called the ‘living document’?

— What are the criticisms of the Constituent Assembly?

— What is the basic structure doctrine?

Post Read Question:

(2) With reference to the Constitution Day, consider the following statements:

1. Constitution Day is celebrated on November 26.

2. It was declared in 2003.

3. It is a public holiday.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(c) All three

(d) None

Mains

 It would have been difficult for the Constituent Assembly to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for Independent India in just three years but for the experience gained with the Government of India Act, 1935. Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2015)

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

Explained: Why November 26 is observed as India’s Constitution Day

 

Explained 

Genome mapping of Chandipura virus

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current event of National importance, Science and technology

Mains Examination: GS-III: Science and Technology, indigenization of technology and developing new technology.

What’s the ongoing story- The Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC) in Gandhinagar has published the only fully mapped genome of the Chandipura Vesiculovirus (CHPV) — the viral infection that caused at least a third of the encephalitis or brain swelling cases in Gujarat during the outbreak in July-August.

Prerequisites:

— What is Chandipura virus? and how it is transmitted.

— What is genome mapping?

— What is the significance of genome mapping?

Key takeaways:

— Chandipura is a viral infection that can lead to outbreaks of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) or brain swelling. It is known to cause fever, headache, and encephalitis leading to convulsions, coma, and death, usually within a few days of the symptoms showing up.

— Children who tested positive and died of Chandipura during this year’s outbreak reported high grade fever, severe rashes from sandfly bites, convulsions, brain swelling, liver problems, and multi-organ failure usually within 72 hours of symptoms showing up.

What is genome mapping?

— It refers to the process of determining the location of genes on an organism’s chromosomes. Scientists at the GBRC undertook this process to better understand the virus which was afflicting so many children in the state.

— Genome mapping provides important clues on where a virus comes from, how it is changing, and whether it has any mutations that are likely to make it more transmissible or deadly. Sequencing viral genomes helps researchers keep an eye on viruses that may lead to outbreaks in the future.

For Your Information:

— The genome mapping yielded a few important findings:

(i) No major change in genetic makeup, no ‘selection pressure to escape immunity’

— A major finding was that the virus had not changed much since the 2003-04 outbreak. “The CHPV virus isolated now from patients in Gujarat has differences only in the glycoproteins as compared to the 2003-04 virus isolates. The virus remains similar to the 2012 sample, which means that the virus did not require to evolve significantly over the last 12 years,” the GBRC report stated.

— “The current virus is highly similar to the isolate from 2012, with just a single amino acid substitution, suggesting that the virus has not been under selection pressure to escape immunity,” the report says.

— Researchers said that it is difficult to assess the level of antibodies against CHPV in the population due to the absence of seroprevalence studies.

(ii) Low viral load, but nonetheless deadly

— The Cycle Threshold (or Ct value) for the samples tested was high, a major clinical finding according to the researchers.

— In an RT-PCR test, the Ct value is the number of times the genetic material of the sample has to be amplified in order to detect the pathogen. A high Ct value implies that the viral load — the amount of virus in the sample — is quite low.

— “The Ct value of most of the patients was high. This means that the viral load was very less. But even this was enough to cause severe symptoms,” the researchers said. This value could not be compared with previous outbreaks due to unavailability of data.

(iii) Not imported from abroad

— When the researchers traced the genome sequence on the 27-strain family tree of the virus, they found it to be related to the virus isolated during previous outbreaks in India.

— The current isolate is very different from strains isolated from Europe and Africa. “This means that the virus that infected patients in this outbreak was the one circulating in India and was not imported from other countries,” a health department official said.

Points to Ponder:

— What are the symptoms of Chandipura virus?

— What treatment is available for Chandipura virus?

— Which are the worst affected regions in India?

Post Read Question:

(3) With reference to the Chandipura virus (CHPV), consider the following statements:

1. It is a virus that belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family.

2. It is transmitted by sandflies and mosquitoes.

3. The virus resides in the salivary glands of insects.

4. It cannot be transmitted to humans or domestic animals.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(c) Only three

(d) All four

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

What is the Chandipura virus (CHPV): Know the symptoms, treatment, prevention, and more

6 children die of suspected Chandipura virus infection in Gujarat: What is the disease, and what are its symptoms?

State changes in rape law

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity & Governance 

Mains Examination: GS-II: Indian polity and governance 

What’s the ongoing story- As street protests against the rape and murder of a young doctor in Kolkata’s R G Kar Medical College and Hospital continued to roil West Bengal, the state Assembly on Tuesday unanimously passed a Bill providing for mandatory death penalty in cases of rape where the victim dies or is left in a permanent vegetative state.

Prerequisites: 

— What are the Constitutional Provisions for the Protection of Women?

— Know about the 7th schedule of the Indian constitution.

Key takeaways: 

— The Aparajita Woman and Child (West Bengal Criminal Laws Amendment) Bill, 2024 (Aparajita Bill) also introduces death as the maximum punishment in all cases of rape, and changes the way in which cases of rape are to be investigated and tried — by a Special Task Force and Special Courts in every district respectively.

— To effect these changes, the Bill amends provisions of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS), the Bharatiya Nyaya Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS), and the Protection of Children Against Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO) in the state.

— Before West Bengal, the Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra Assemblies had passed laws prescribing the death penalty for rape by amending the criminal laws in force at the time. Neither Bill has received the mandatory assent of the President yet.

— Section 64 of BNS: This section (“Punishment for rape”) provides for both the floor punishment for the crime and for punishment in cases where aggravating circumstances are present, such as rape by a public servant, a member of the armed forces, during communal violence, etc. In both situations, the maximum punishment is “imprisonment for life”.

— Section 66: This provision in the “principal act” (BNS) punishes rape “which causes the death of the woman or causes the woman to be in a persistent vegetative state” with a minimum 20 years in prison with the possibility of life imprisonment, “or with death”.

For Your Information: 

— ‘Public Order’ and ‘Police” as per the 7th Schedule of the Constitution of India, are State subjects and, as such, detection, registration, investigation and prevention of crime is primarily the responsibility of the State Governments. 

Points to Ponder: 

— What are the various types of crimes faced by women in India?

— What initiatives have been taken by the government for women’s empowerment?

— Why, despite the existence of various laws and regulations, cases of violence against women continue to increase?

— What steps should be taken to ensure women’s safety in India?

Post Read Question:

Prelims

(4) ‘Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action’, often seen in the news, is (UPSC CSE 2015)

(a) a strategy to tackle the regional terrorism, an outcome of a meeting of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

(b) a plan of action for sustainable economic growth in the Asia-Pacific Region, an outcome of the deliberations of the Asia-Pacific Economic Forum

(c) an agenda for women’s empowerment, an outcome of a World Conference convened by the United Nations

(d) a strategy to combat wildlife trafficking, a declaration of the East Asia Summit

Mains

Why suicide among young women is increasing in Indian society? (UPSC CSE 2023)

Why India celebrates Teachers’ Day on September 5

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national importance, History

Mains Examination: GS-I, GS-II: History, Education

What’s the ongoing story- India celebrates Teachers’ Day annually on September 5, the birth anniversary of former President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888-1975). 

Prerequisites: 

— Read about the Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.

— Know about the National Teachers Award.

Key takeaways: 

— Radhakrishnan’s life and work was dedicated to defining, defending, and disseminating the Hindu religion. He is seen in philosophy circles as a bridge-builder between India and the West, and is credited for his role in shaping the West’s understanding of Hinduism.

— Radhakrishnan was among the foremost proponents of the non-dualist Advaita Vedanta tradition in the 20th century, and re-interpreted Adi Shankara’s philosophy for modern times. In doing so, he defended Hinduism against what he said was “uninformed Western criticism”.

— By the 1920s, Radhakrishnan had established himself as one of India’s most respected academics. He held the prestigious King George V Chair at Calcutta University from 1921 to 1932, was the second vice-chancellor of Andhra University from 1931 to 1936, and the fourth vice-chancellor of Banaras Hindu University from 1939 to 1948. He also held the Spalding Chair of Eastern Religion and Ethics at University of Oxford from 1936 to 1952. Radhakrishnan was knighted in 1931.

— Radhakrishnan was also a brilliant teacher. He became the first Vice President (1952-62), and the second President of India (1962-67). In 1962, after he became president, some old students expressed their wish to celebrate his birthday. Radhakrishnan refused a personal celebration, and instead requested his students to honour teachers across the country on his birth anniversary. Thus began the tradition of celebrating Teachers’ Day on September 5.

Points to Ponder: 

— What are the contributions of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan in Indian democracy?

— What initiatives have been taken by the government for teacher training and capacity building?

— What are the issues and challenges faced by the education system in India?

Post Read Question:

(5) Consider the following statements with regard to the Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan:

1. He is seen in philosophy circles as a bridge-builder between India and the West.

2. Radhakrishnan was among the foremost proponents of the non-dualist Advaita Vedanta tradition in the 20th century.

3. He was the first Vice President and the second President of India.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

(a) only one

(b) Only two

(c) All three

(d) None of the above

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

Pratap Bhanu Mehta writes: S Radhakrishnan still speaks to our time

Satellite-based highway toll collection: How will it work? 

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national importance and Science

Mains Examination:  GS-II, GS-III: Science and Technology, Government policies and interventions

What’s the ongoing story- After the announcement of the implementation of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based Electronic Toll collection in India, Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH) said that it has developed a GIS-based software for Real-time monitoring of the waiting time at the Toll Plazas. 

Prerequisites: 

— What is the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)?

— What is a satellite-based tolling system?

— Know about the FASTag.

— Organisation to look for:  National Highway Authority of India.

Key takeaways: 

— The system, the Ministry said Monday (September 2), will help the NHAI officials to check the congestion at specific lane levels to ensure the free flow of traffic.

— This new software has been developed by Indian Highways Management Company Limited (IHMCL), a company promoted by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). Initially, this new technology will be implemented at 100 toll plazas, which have been identified by NHAI, for live monitoring. These toll plazas have been selected on the basis of the congestion feedback received through National Highway helpline number i.e 1033.

— The GIS-based software will provide the name and location of the toll plaza to the officials. “It will also provide congestion alert and lane distribution recommendation, if the queue of vehicles at a toll plaza is more than the prescribed limit,” said MoRTH in a statement.

— The software will provide updates of current weather condition and information about local festivals.

— MoRTH is currently working on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) based tolling system, which is expected to replace the current FASTag toll collection system and provide a long-term solution for congestion at tolling booths. 

— Currently, the Electronic Toll Collection in India is done through Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, commonly known as FASTag. It was launched in India in 2015 and Since February 2021, FASTag has been made mandatory for the payment of user fees at National Highway toll plazas, with a provision for a 100% penalty for cash or non-FASTag payments.

Points to Ponder: 

— What are the potential benefits of satellite-based highway toll collection?

—  What are the issues and challenges associated with GNSS-based electronic toll collection?

Post Read Question:

(6) Consider the following communication technologies: (UPSC CSE 2022)

1. Closed-circuit Television

2. Radio Frequency Identification

3. Wireless Local Area Network

Which of the above are considered Short-Range devices/technologies?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

 

Economy

‘Exemption of export-led green hydrogen projects from solar shortlist to cut costs’

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current event of National importance, Economy

Mains Examination: GS-III: Infrastructure, energy

What’s the ongoing story- The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has exempted export-oriented green hydrogen projects from its solar module shortlist of domestic manufacturers to enable them to lower costs to the level of grey hydrogen. Setting up renewable energy capacity, like solar, to power electrolysers is essential for the production of green hydrogen and contributes significantly to project costs.

Prerequisites:

— What are green hydrogen projects?

— What are special economic zones (SEZs)?

— What is the difference between green, grey and blue hydrogen?

Key takeaways:

— The exemption for green hydrogen projects set up in special economic zones (SEZs) or export oriented units (EOUs) by 2030 from MNRE’s Approved List of Models and Manufacturers (ALMM), a list of domestic solar PV module manufacturers, was granted in May earlier this year. With the ability to use imported modules, which are cheaper than domestic modules, such projects can substantially reduce production costs.

— A major hurdle in the widespread adoption of green hydrogen in India and globally is its cost competitiveness against grey hydrogen. Grey hydrogen, produced from natural gas through carbon-intensive processes, is used in hard-to-decarbonize industries such as steel manufacturing and fuel refining due to its lower production costs.

— “We also have sufficient demand for solar modules in India. Our domestic demand is growing so fast that we do not foresee that giving an exemption only for green hydrogen will impact (domestic industry),” MNRE Secretary Bhupinder S Bhalla added.

— Currently, India consumes 5 MMT of grey hydrogen and expects most of the domestic demand by 2030 to be met by green hydrogen.

— In addition to bidding out electrolyser manufacturing and green hydrogen capacities under its Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT) programme, which has been allocated Rs 17,490 crore, MNRE has taken additional measures to incentivise investments and boost production.

For Your Information:

What is the difference between green, grey and blue hydrogen?

— Green hydrogen is an end-to-end green fuel. Electricity generated from renewable sources such as wind or solar is used to electrolyse water, and its byproducts are water or water vapour.

— Grey hydrogen constitutes the bulk of India’s production currently. It is extracted from hydrocarbons (fossil fuels and natural gas), and carbon dioxide is the byproduct of consumption.

— Blue hydrogen is sourced from fossil fuels, but byproducts such as carbon monoxide are captured and stored, so it is better than grey hydrogen.

Points to Ponder:

— What are Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles?

— What are the challenges to the use of green hydrogen?

— How is a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle different from battery electric vehicles?

Post Read Question:

(7) With reference to the green hydrogen, consider the following statements:

1. It is hydrogen gas generated from fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage.

2. Green Hydrogen Mission aims to produce 5 million tonnes of fuel annually by 2030.

3. Green hydrogen can decarbonise the iron and steel sector.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

Why green hydrogen presents both major opportunities and significant challenges

‘Producing green hydrogen is commercially viable, even without govt support’: Anshul Gupta