As a doctor, I have been saying that we must be judicious about the way we take antibiotics since their misuse and overuse are leading to an alarming rise in antibiotic resistance (AMR). Now a latest Lancet report has found how one-third of bacteria-related sepsis deaths in the country are because of it. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria adapt to and fight drugs that were previously effective in eliminating them. As a result, common infections and minor injuries, which were easily treatable in the past, could once again become fatal. If no action is taken, experts predict that by 2050, antibiotic-resistant infections could kill more people than cancer. Causes of Antibiotic Resistance Many people mistakenly believe that antibiotics are a cure for all types of infections, including viral infections like the common cold or flu. However, antibiotics are only effective against bacterial infections. Prescribing antibiotics when they are not needed contributes to resistance. Sometimes patients stop taking antibiotics before completing the prescribed course because they feel better. This allows some bacteria to survive, develop resistance and multiply. Antibiotics are often used in livestock farming to promote growth and prevent diseases. Their overuse in animals can lead to the development of resistant bacteria, which can then be transmitted to humans through food consumption. Besides inadequate hygiene practices and the lack of proper infection control in hospitals and clinics can facilitate the spread of resistant bacteria. While bacteria evolve to resist existing drugs, the development of new antibiotics is time-consuming and expensive. Common Antibiotics and Their Risks While the overuse of antibiotics is a well-known issue, it’s also important to recognise the risks associated with commonly used antibiotics when taken without proper medical guidance. For instance: Norfloxacin: This broad-spectrum antibiotic is often used for urinary tract infections. When used improperly, it can cause adverse effects like gastrointestinal issues and contribute to antibiotic resistance. Azithromycin: Prescribed for respiratory infections and sexually transmitted diseases, azithromycin can lead to side effects such as nausea and potential heart rhythm disturbances if not used correctly, and misuse can foster resistant bacterial strains. Penicillin: A commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotic that's effective against many types of bacteria but is now not enough to treat severe pneumonia because of resistance. Chloramphenicol: A broad-spectrum antibiotic that can cause resistance to other antibiotics as well. Fluoroquinolones: Meant for treating invasive gastrointestinal infections, resistance to these drugs has increased in many parts of the world. Ampicillin: A commonly used antibiotic that becomes ineffective over time. Take antibiotics when prescribed by a qualified healthcare professional, finish the full course of medication and avoid sharing antibiotics with others or using leftover prescriptions. Doctors must also resist patient pressure to prescribe antibiotics for viral infections, ensuring that these powerful medications are used judiciously. (Dr Chatterjee is internal medicine specialist at Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, Delhi)
