UPSC Key | Ayushman Bharat, Amazon Rainforest, Semicon India and more

🚨 The Indian Express UPSC Essentials brings to you the August edition of its monthly magazine. Click Here to read. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at manas.srivastava@indianexpress.com🚨

Front Page

Expansion of Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Yojana 

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance

Mains Examination: GS-II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

What’s the ongoing story- The Union Cabinet on Wednesday cleared the expansion of the Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) to provide health coverage to “all senior citizens aged 70 years and above irrespective of their income”.

Key takeaways:

— Currently, the scheme is income-based and provides Rs 5 lakh shared annual coverage to all members of eligible families — estimated to comprise the bottom 40% of the population economically — irrespective of their age.

— According to the government statement, the PM-JAY, which is the world’s largest publicly funded health assurance scheme, has covered 7.37 crore hospital admissions, including 49 per cent women beneficiaries, at a cost of over Rs 1 lakh crore, so far.

—  Moreover, “senior citizens of the age 70 years and above belonging to families already covered under AB PM-JAY will get an additional (shared) top-up cover up to Rs 5 lakh per year for themselves,” the statement said.

—  “Senior citizens of the age 70 years and above who are already availing benefits of other public health insurance schemes such as Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS), Ex-Servicemen Contributory Health Scheme (ECHS), Ayushman Central Armed Police Force (CAPF) may either choose their existing scheme or opt for AB PM-JAY. It has been clarified that senior citizens of 70 years and above who are under private health insurance policies or Employees’ State Insurance Scheme will be eligible to avail benefits under AB PM-JAY,” it said.

For Your Information:

—  India’s population over the age of 60 years is estimated to increase from 8.6% in 2011 to 19.5% by 2050, according to the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI). Health coverage in this age group is about 20%, mostly under CGHS, Employees State Insurance Scheme, Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojna, cooperative health insurance schemes, medical reimbursement from an employer, or privately purchased health insurance, according to the India Ageing Report 2023.

—  Will the health cover minimise the disease burden? 

India’s population over the age of 60 years is estimated to increase from 8.6 per cent in 2011 to 19.5 per cent by 2050, according to the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI). In terms of absolute numbers it means that the 60 plus population is set to triple from 103 million in 2011 to 319 million in 2050. Health coverage in this age group is currently about 20 per cent, according to the India Ageing Report 2023.

Other Approvals by the Cabinet:

—  The Union Cabinet on Wednesday approved the implementation of the fourth phase of the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY-IV) for the construction of 62,500 km of new roads providing all-weather connectivity to 25,000 villages.

—  “Under this scheme 25,000 unconnected habitations of population size 500+ in plains, 250+ in NE & Hill States/UTs, special category areas (Tribal Schedule V, Aspirational Districts/Blocks, Desert areas) and 100+ in LWE affected districts, as per Census 2011 will be covered,” the statement said. “Under this scheme 62,500 Km of all-weather roads will be provided to unconnected habitations. Construction of required bridges along the alignment of the all-weather road will also be provided,” the statement said.

—  The Union Cabinet also approved “Mission Mausam” on Wednesday to enhance India’s ability to predict and respond to extreme weather events and the impacts of climate change.

—  The mission, with a budget of Rs 2,000 crore over two years, will be primarily implemented by three key institutions under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) — the India Meteorological Department, the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology and the National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting.

—  The mission will focus on improving observations and understanding to deliver highly-accurate and timely weather and climate information across temporal and spatial scales. This includes information on monsoon, air quality, extreme weather events, cyclones and weather interventions for managing fog, hail and rain.

Post Read Question:

(1) With reference to Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana, consider the following statements:

1. It is the world’s largest publicly funded health assurance scheme

2. Senior citizens of 70 years and above who are under private health insurance policies or Employees’ State Insurance Scheme will not be eligible to avail benefits under AB PM-JAY.

Which of the above given statements are true?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

Senior citizens aged 70 and above to get free treatment up to Rs 5 lakh under Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY: Here’s how it works for you

 

The Second Page

Effectuation of fundamental duties a continuing task AG tells apex court

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance- Constitution, Public Policy, Rights Issues

Mains Examination: GS-II: Constitution of India, Various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies, Separation of powers between various organs

What’s the ongoing story- Effectuation of fundamental duties is and will always be a continuing task, calling for duty-specific legislations, schemes and supervision, Attorney General R Venkataramani told the Supreme Court on Wednesday.

Prerequisites: 

— What are the fundamental duties provided in the Constitution of India?

— Read about the office of the Attorney General. 

— How were Fundamental Duties incorporated in the Constitution?

— What is the difference between fundamental duties and fundamental rights?

Key takeaways: 

— Venkataramani told a bench of Justices Sanjiv Khanna, Sanjay Kumar and R Mahadevan that the apex court and various high courts have time and again reiterated that it is not for the judiciary to direct the legislature to enact a law in a particular manner and courts ought to be circumspect about stepping in to fill any perceived gaps, particularly when the issue at hand is under active consideration by the legislature.

— “It is clear that the effectuation of fundamental duties is and will always be a continuing task, calling for duty-specific legislations, schemes and supervision. Ministries, both at the Central as well as at the state level, in relation to education and culture, may be called upon to continue to be engaged in the above regard,” he said in the note.

— Venkataramani said the executive as well as the judiciary have always been aware that mere incorporation of these duties in Article 51-A of the Constitution is insufficient to ensure that they are actually effectuated, particularly given their non-justiciable status.

— He said that to address these concerns, the Centre had in 1998 constituted a committee to operationalise the suggestions to teach fundamental duties to the citizens of the country.

— The senior-most law officer said it is well settled that fundamental duties are not justiciable per se and their implementation lies within the domain of the executive.

For Your Information: 

— The fundamental duties were incorporated in Part IV-A of the Constitution by The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976, during Indira Gandhi’s Emergency. Article 51(A) describes 11 fundamental duties — 10 came with the 42nd Amendment; the 11th was added by the 86th Amendment in 2002, when Atal Bihari Vajpayee was Prime Minister.

— These duties are not enforceable by law. However, a court may take them into account while adjudicating on a matter. They were made a part of the Constitution to emphasise the obligation of the citizen in return for the fundamental rights that he or she enjoys. The Russian Constitution has the concept of fundamental duties.

Points to Ponder: 

— What is the significance of fundamental duties?

— What constitutional provisions define the powers of the Executive and Judiciary in India?

— does the concept of ‘Separation of Powers’ between the Executive and Judiciary function in the Indian context?

— What are the powers and duties of Supreme Court and Hight Court?

Post Read Question:

(2) Which of the following statements is/are true of the Fundamental Duties of an Indian citizen? (UPSC CSE 2017)

1. A legislative process has been provided to enforce these duties.

2. They are correlative to legal duties.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

Explained: What Fundamental Duties mean

 

Express Network 

Madrasas ‘unsuitable’ places to get proper education: Child rights body to SC

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national importance and Indian Polity, Right issues. 

Mains Examination:  GS-II: Constitution, Polity, Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Education. 

What’s the ongoing story- India’s child rights body has told the Supreme Court that the education imparted in madrasas “is not comprehensive and is therefore against the provisions of Right to Education Act”, and that textbooks in these institutions teach about the “supremacy of Islam”.

Prerequisites: 

— What is the Right to Education Act?

— Read about the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR). 

— What are the constitutional provisions concerning cultural and educational rights?

Key takeaways: 

— The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) also claimed that the Taliban was “influenced by the religious and political ideologies” of the Darul Uloom Deoband Madrasa of Uttar Pradesh.

— The NCPCR was making a written submission to the court which is seized of a clutch of appeals challenging the Allahabad High Court order which had declared the Uttar Pradesh Board of Madarsa Education Act, 2004 “unconstitutional” on the ground that it violated “the principle of secularism” and fundamental rights under Article 14 of the Constitution.

— On April 5, a Supreme Court bench presided by Chief Justice of India D Y Chandrachud stayed the High Court’s order.

— The commission, in its submission, said a Madrasa is an “unsuitable” place to receive “proper education”.

— Though the RTE Act exempts madrasas from its purview, the children studying in them “have never been exempted from the ambit of Article 21A of the Constitution of India in any judicial decision or constitutional interpretation”, it said.

For Your Information: 

— Right to Education (RTE) Act: Enacted in 2009, the RTE Act is a landmark legislation that makes education a fundamental right for children aged 6 to 14 years. It mandates free and compulsory education, establishes minimum standards for schools, and prohibits practices like discrimination and corporal punishment. The act aims to ensure equitable access to quality education for all children.

Points to Ponder: 

— What is the concept of secularism as enshrined in the Constitution of India? How is it different from Western secularism?

— What are the challenges faced by the Indian education system?

— What are the initiatives taken by the government to promote education?

— What are the challenges to the RTE?

Post Read Question:

Prelims

(3) Which of the following provisions of the Constitution does India have a bearing on Education? (UPSC CSE 2012)

1. Directive Principles of State Policy

2. Rural and Urban Local Bodies

3. Fifth Schedule

4. Sixth Schedule

5. Seventh Schedule

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3, 4 and 5 only

(c) 1, 2 and 5 only

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Mains

Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (UPSC CSE 2021)

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

UPSC Essentials | Society and Social Justice — Literacy and associated issues (Part 3)

 

The Editorial Page

Fill the skill gap

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance

Mains Examination: GS-II, GS-III: International relations, Government policies and interventions, Social development

What’s the ongoing story- Early this year, the first batch of workers from India left for Israel to plug the labour shortage in its construction sector that arose after a ban on Palestinian workers. Now, an investigation in this paper has revealed that this labour arrangement is under strain due to a glaring skill mismatch between the workers’ abilities and the expectations of them.

Prerequisites: 

— Status of skill development in India.

— Why is there a requirement for skill development of the workforce?

— What is the history of India-Israel bilateral ties?

Key takeaways: 

— The evidence of the mismatch, however, does not take away from the benefits for Indian labour that stem from such work agreements. In fact, pacts that facilitate labour mobility between countries need to be advanced, while, at the same time, plugging the gaps. 

— Indian labour, both unskilled and skilled, will be increasingly in demand across the world, especially in regions characterised by an aging workforce and labour shortages. 

— In 2020, the Global Skill Gap report prepared by the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) had estimated the demand for labour in sectors across key regions such as the GCC countries (Gulf Cooperation Council) and the EU. 

— In order for Indian workers to productively engage in the global labour market, it is critical that they receive the necessary education and training in the skills that are needed. 

— As per the labour force survey, only a small segment of those in the age group of 15-59 years have received formal vocational/technical training. The NSDC can play a critical role here. The focus should be on the entire ecosystem, encompassing the technical and training institutes, the trainers, and also the curriculum, among others, in order to ensure that the skills imparted are in line with what the market demands. 

— The issue of skill mismatch, of shortage of skilled workers despite a huge labour force, has often been highlighted. Considering that an educated and skilled work force is critical for reaping the demographic dividend, the focus should be on ensuring that those entering the labour market receive appropriate training, and that their skills are constantly upgraded to adapt to an ever changing work environment.

For Your Information: 

— The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) provides skill, re-skill, and up-skill training through a wide network of skill development centres, colleges, and institutes under the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS), Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS), Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), and Craftsman Training Scheme (CTS) through Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) to all segments of the nation’s society. These programs are administered by the Government of India’s Skill India Mission (SIM).

Points to Ponder: 

— What is the significance of skill development?

— What are the issues and challenges associated with skill development in India?

— What initiatives have been taken by the government of India for the skill development of the youth?

Post Read Question:

Skill development programmes have succeeded in increasing human resources supply to various sectors. In the context of the statement analyse the linkages between education, skill and employment. (UPSC CSE 2023)

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

How India can leverage its biggest strength by Pravakar Sahoo and Sweta Sen

 

Explained

40 per cent of the Amazon Rainforest most vital to climate is unprotected

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of International importance, World Geography

Mains Examination: GS-I and GS III: Distribution of key natural resources across the world, Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation.

What’s the ongoing story- Scientists agree that preserving the Amazon rainforest is critical to combating global warming, but new data published on Wednesday indicate huge swathes of the jungles that are vital to the world’s climate remain unprotected.

Nearly 40% of the areas of the Amazon rainforest most critical to curbing climate change have not been granted special government protection, as either nature or indigenous reserves, according to an analysis by nonprofit Amazon Conservation.

Prerequisites:

— Location of Amazon rainforests

— Native species of Amazon rainforests

— What are protected and unprotected lands?

Key takeaways:

— According to Matt Finer, who leads Amazon Conservation’s Monitoring of the Andean Amazon Project (MAAP), the areas of the Amazon with the largest, densest trees and the most continuous canopy cover store the most carbon, which would be released into the atmosphere as a climate-warming greenhouse gas if the jungle was destroyed by fire or logging.

— Amazon Conservation studied fresh data from Planet, a satellite imaging business that utilised lasers to create a three-dimensional image of the jungle, and integrated it with machine learning models.

— Above-ground vegetation was considered, but subsurface carbon in roots and soils was overlooked.

— According to MAAP’s analysis, 61% of the Amazon’s peak carbon areas are protected as indigenous reserves or other protected territories, while the remainder lack an official designation.

— In Brazil, Suriname, and French Guiana, just 51% of peak carbon regions have been designated for preservation. Peru preserves a greater share of its vital areas, yet some of those that remain unprotected have been designated for logging.

For Your Information:

— MAAP published an analysis last month showing that the Amazon contained 71.5 billion tonnes of carbon, roughly double the global carbon dioxide emissions for 2022. That analysis showed that the Amazon just barely absorbed more carbon than it released in the decade leading up to 2022, a positive signal for the world’s climate.

— As the effects of anthropogenic climate change become more stark with each passing day, the Amazon becomes one of the most valuable assets for the planet’s health. Scientists say that if the Amazon becomes an emission source instead of a carbon sink — which absorbs carbon from the atmosphere — the impact on the planet may be cataclysmic.

Points to Ponder:

— Important rivers flowing through Amazon rainforests

— What is carbon sequestration?

Post Read Question:

(4) Which of the following countries are covered under the Amazon rainforests?

1. Brazil

2. Venezuela

3. Peru

4. Argentina

5. French Guiana

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only

(c) 1, 4 and 5 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

How Amazon deforestation rates have fallen since Bolsonaro

Severe drought grips the Amazon rainforest: The impact, cause and grim future

Controversy over Mumbai’s salt pans: why do these lands matter?

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of National importance, Indian Geography

Mains Examination: GS-I, GS III: Geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features

What’s the ongoing story- Earlier this month, the Centre approved the transfer of 256 acres of salt pan land in Mumbai to the Dharavi Redevelopment Project Pvt Ltd (DRPPL), a joint venture between Adani Realty Group and the Maharashtra government, for building rental housing for slum dwellers.

Prerequisites:

— What are salt pan lands?

— How development projects would damage the fragile ecosystem?

— Coastal Regulation Zone

Key takeaways:

— Salt pan lands comprise parcels of low-lying lands where seawater flows in at certain times, and leaves behind salt and other minerals. Along with Mumbai’s mangroves (also at risk due to development), this ecosystem is instrumental in protecting the city from flooding.

— According to the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification of 2011, the ecologically sensitive salt pans fall under CRZ-1B category, where no economic activity is allowed with the exception of salt extraction and natural gas exploration.

— In all, 5,378 acres of land in Mumbai have been designated as salt pan lands, approximately nine times the size of the Dharavi slum. About 31% of this land is located in residential and commercial belts, and roughly 480 acres are encroached upon, a 2014 study by the state government found. The same study found that about 1,672 acres of Mumbai’s more than 5,000 acres of salt pan lands are “developable”.

For Your Information:

— Salt pans are among the last “undeveloped” parcels of land, thus far protected by the Ministry of Environment and Forests under the stringent CRZ norms. But this has not stopped state governments from trying to acquire these lands from the Centre, for various development projects.

— In 2015, Fadnavis zeroed in on 400 acres of salt pan land along the Eastern Express highway in Mulund to relocate slums under the Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) scheme. The state government also planned to use much of the remaining 5,000 acres of salt pan land for affordable housing.

Why do salt pans matter?

— Salt pans are situated in low-lying areas, and water received during heavy rain gets accumulated here. Water from Thane creek also flows in during high tide and gets collected in the salt pans, preventing flooding in the eastern suburbs. If the salt pans are covered owing to construction, areas like Vikhroli, Kanjurmarg, and Bhandup will definitely go underwater during heavy rain.

— Environmentalist and Conservation Action Trust chief Debi Goenka said it is the salt pans that made things relatively better for the eastern suburbs (as compared to the western ones) during the July 2005 deluge, when 944 mm of rainfall in a single day caused widespread loss of lives and damage to infrastructure.

— Salt pans, which, along with the mangroves, stop the city from flooding, also host various species of birds and insects. Goenka said Mumbai’s Development Plan 2034 ignores sustainability, but also exhibits complete disregard for the flora and fauna that will be impacted.

Points to Ponder:

— How does a salt pan prevent flooding?

— Other salt pans in India

— Location of Kanjurmarg salt pan land

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

Maharashtra govt to seek 283 acres of salt pan land from Centre for Dharavi project

 

Govt & Politics

PM Modi to semiconductor firms: Chips never settle down in India, invest

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of National importance, Economic & Social Development

Mains Examination: GS-III: Effects of liberalisation on the economy and Science and Technology.

What’s the ongoing story- From likening India’s semiconductor market to a “special diode” which conducts energy in two directions, to calling it an “integrated market” for integrated circuits, Prime Minister Narendra Modi called on executives from top global chip companies Wednesday to invest in the semiconductor ecosystem in the country.

Prerequisites:

— Major players in semiconductor manufacturing

— Applications of semiconductors

— India-Singapore pact on semiconductors

Key takeaways:

— The PM said there was a “three dimensional” power in India. “First, India’s reformist government, second, a growing manufacturing base, and third, India’s aspirational market. A market which knows the taste of technology… it is hard to find elsewhere… To become a chip powerhouse, India will do everything that is needed,” PM Modi said during his address at the Semicon India 2024 summit.

— The PM said that more than 85,000 engineers and technicians are getting ready in India to work in the semiconductor sector. “In 21st century India, the chips are never down. Today’s India gives the world hope that when the chips are down, you can bet on India,” Modi said.

— The Prime Minister said that India’s aspirational and tech oriented society is “unique”. “In India, chips don’t just mean technology, for us, it is a medium to fulfil aspirations of crores of people,” Modi said.

For Your Information:

— The India Semiconductor Mission was launched in 2021. It is a strategic initiative undertaken by the government of India to promote the domestic semiconductor industry. Its goal is to improve semiconductor design and manufacturing capabilities domestically and to encourage innovation, employment, and economic growth.

— The government has launched the Semicon India programme with a total outlay of Rs 76,000 crore to provide financial support to companies investing in semiconductors, display manufacturing and design ecosystems. This will help in the development of the semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem in the country. 

Points to Ponder:

— What are the challenges for manufacturing semiconductors in India?

— Schemes under the Semicon India programme

Post Read Question:

(5) Recently, India has exchanged the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on Semiconductor Ecosystem Partnership with:

(a) China

(b) South Korea

(c) Japan

(d) Singapore

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

UPSC Issue at a Glance | India’s Semiconductor Push: 4 Key Questions You Must Know for Prelims and Mains

 

The Ideas Page

The Start-up nation

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Economic Development

Mains Examination: GS-II, GS-III: Government policies and interventions, Indian Economy

What’s the ongoing story- Chintan Vaishnav, Shashank Shah, Ashish Pandey and Rohit Gupta write— “In the last 10 years, the growth of the Indian economy has been fuelled by three once-in-a-generation events. One, from the government’s side, the creation and roll-out of UPI expanded access to digital payments for crores of citizens. Two, from the industry side, the telecom revolution made affordable data accessible to crores. Three, the pandemic gave a huge fillip to e-commerce and startups.”

Prerequisites: 

— What is the Start-up India initiative and what are its key objectives?

— What is the significance of start-ups in the growth of the Indian economy?

Key takeaways: 

—  “To sustain this growth, there is a need for solutions to create a long-term roadmap for a robust Indian economy. Integration of certain key sub-systems can play a major role.”

— “The government’s push towards capital expenditure coupled with telcos-led internet penetration and data accessibility has played a huge role in the development of the startup ecosystem. With one of the cheapest data rates in the world, India is home to over 80 crore internet users and 120 crore cell phone users.” 

— “With the advent of Industry 5.0 based technologies like AI and Machine Learning, Robotics and Mechatronics, the rate of recruitment for routine jobs may decrease, and the need for highly-skilled employees will rise.”

— “India’s startup data since 2017 presents a promising picture. DPIIT-recognised startups have created more than 15.5 lakh direct job opportunities. In 2023, these startups generated 3.9 lakh jobs, representing a 46.6 per cent year-on-year increase, and a 217.3 per cent increase over a five-year period. In the US, in 2022, nearly 37 lakh new jobs were created by its startup ecosystem.”

— “A success driver of the startup economies of the US and UK is the proportion of students opting for entrepreneurship post higher education…It is appropriate to benchmark ourselves with the entrepreneurship trends in leading economies. Today, as shown by the August 2024 survey of IIT Bombay graduates, in the best of Indian HEIs, less than 2 per cent of graduating students opt for entrepreneurship.”

— “If 5 per cent of Indian students opted for entrepreneurship, the country would have 5 lakh new entrepreneurs every year. Assuming a 90 per cent failure rate, nearly 50,000 startups would survive. Given the present averages, this would create 5.5 lakh direct jobs and nearly 55 lakh indirect and gig jobs annually.”

— “ It would mean contributing an additional 1 per cent to the present labour force every year; .. This is a simplified perspective to convey the magnitude of the opportunities that can be created by intentionally integrating the three Es of education, entrepreneurship and employment to achieve rapid economic growth.

Points to Ponder: 

— How does entrepreneurship contribute to employment generation and economic growth in India?

— What are the major challenges faced by startups in India?

— What initiatives have been taken by the government for promoting entrepreneurship in India?

Post Read Question:

How the Startup India Mission has contributed to promoting entrepreneurship and innovation in India? 

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

Startups will play important role in helping India become 3rd largest economy: CEA Nageswaran

 

Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week.

Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – Indian Express UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9t2vuY6fvTU?si=Z87crQUmKRh64l3A