UPSC Key: ASEAN-India, Living Planet Report, Ratan Tata and his Patriotic entrepreneurship

Ratan Tata, Farewell & Thank You

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Main Examination: 

• General Studies I: Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events, personalities, issues.

• General Studies III: Indian Economy

What’s the ongoing story-Ratan Naval Tata, chairman emeritus of Tata Sons, a beacon of India Inc who steered his group amid India’s economic liberalisation and, subsequently, guided its global expansion, breathed his last at Breach Candy Hospital in Mumbai Wednesday night.
Tata, 86, was admitted following age-related health issues and was undergoing treatment at the hospital.

Key Points to Ponder-

• Who was Ratan Tata?

• ‘Ratan Tata’s substantial contributions to the Indian economy’-discuss

• ‘Ratan Tata’s influence on Indian industry is profound, but his contributions extended far beyond the business realm’-How far you agree?

• Ratan Tata and corporate social responsibility-Discuss

• What do you know about Tata Group?

• Tata Group’s Contribution to the Indian Economy in the Pre- as well as Post-Independence Era-Elaborate

• Economic policies of the British in India and its impact on Indian Industrialists-comment

• Ratan Tata and his Patriotic entrepreneurship-can you give some examples?

For Your Information-

• Ratan Tata served as the Chairman of the major Tata companies, including Tata Motors, Tata Steel, Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Power, Tata Global Beverages, Tata Chemicals, Indian Hotels, and Tata Teleservices. Under his leadership, the conglomerate underwent significant transformation, expanding its global footprint and diversifying into various industries, including steel, automobiles, information technology, and hospitality, growing from an annual revenue of approximately $5 billion to nearly $100 billion. Tata’s visionary business strategy led to landmark acquisitions like Toyota (UK), Corus (UK), and Jaguar Land Rover (UK), solidifying its international reputation. In 1996, Tata Teleservices was launched, marking the group’s entry into a rapidly growing industry.

• In 1998, under Ratan Tata’s leadership, Tata Motors introduced the Tata Indica, an important turning point in Indian automotive history. This was India’s first indigenously designed passenger automobile, which transformed the country’s automotive industry. The acquisition of VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited) in 2002 cleared the door for Tata Communications, expanding the group’s telecommunications capabilities.

• In 2008, Ratan Tata’s ambition of making vehicles cheap for the public was realised with the introduction of the Tata Nano, which was notably priced at Rs 1 lakh. This technical marvel sought to make automobile ownership possible for more Indian families. Tata Global Beverages partnered with Starbucks in 2012, considerably extending its worldwide presence in the coffee market. Tata was committed to social welfare, directing 65% of the company’s profits to charitable trusts for education, healthcare, and rural development. His initiatives significantly impacted lives across India. Despite retiring in 2012, Tata remained active in the group and its philanthropic initiatives.

Do You Know-

• Tata, born on December 28, 1937, joined the Tata group in 1961. After serving in various companies, he was appointed Director-in-Charge of the National Radio and Electronics Company in 1971. In 1981, he was named Chairman of Tata Industries, the group’s other holding company, where he was responsible for transforming it into a group strategy think tank and a promoter of new ventures in high-technology businesses.

• Tata was the Chairman of the major Tata companies, including Tata Motors, Tata Steel, Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Power, Tata Global Beverages, Tata Chemicals, Indian Hotels and Tata Teleservices and during his tenure, the group’s revenues grew manifold.

• Tata served on the international advisory boards of Mitsubishi Corporation and JP Morgan Chase. He was the Chairman of the Tata Trusts which are amongst India’s oldest, non-sectarian philanthropic organizations that work in several areas of community development. He was also the Chairman of the Council of Management of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and also served on the board of trustees of Cornell University and the University of Southern California.

• Tata received an undergraduate degree in architecture from Cornell University in 1962. He worked briefly with Jones and Emmons in Los Angeles before returning to India in late 1962. He completed the Advanced Management Program at Harvard Business School in 1975.

• The Government of India honoured Tata with its second-highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan, in 2008. He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire and Rockefeller Foundation had conferred him with the Lifetime Achievement Award. Tata was also an honorary fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Royal Academy of Engineering and a foreign associate of National Academy of Engineering. He also received honorary doctorates from several universities in India and overseas.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Ratan Tata: How the introvert, dark horse, rose to become India’s most respected businessman – and how he stayed on top

Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:

📍Examine critically the various facets of economic policies of the British in India from mid-eighteenth century till independence. (UPSC CSE GS1, 2014)

GOVT & POLITICS

PM Modi to go to Laos for ASEAN, East Asia summits

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

What’s the ongoing story-Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Thursday said he looked forward to the deliberations with world leaders as he arrived in Laos for a two-day visit to attend the ASEAN-India and East Asia summits.

Key Points to Ponder-

• Know about Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

• Map Work-ASEAN Countries

• Know about East Asia summits

• What is ‘Phralak Phralam’? How this is associated with India?

• Which nation now holds the chairmanship of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations?

• “Today’s era is not of war” and “dialogue and diplomacy” form “the only path to resolution”-Discuss

• What is India’s link with ASEAN?

• What is the significance of East Asia Summit?

• The ASEAN and EAS-connect the dots?

• The ASEAN and EAS and India-Connect the dots

• When and Where the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, was established?

• What was Bangkok Declaration?

• Who were the Founding Fathers of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and East Asia Summit?

• Which are the current members of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?

• Know the ASEAN-led Forums name and their objectives

• ASEAN and EAS commands greater influence on Asia-Pacific trade, political, and security issues, together they contributes what percentage to world economy?

• Know the Economic relations between India and ASEAN in detail

• ‘In Asia, the ASEAN-led regional institutions struggle to cope with China’s aggressive territorial expansionism’-How far you agree?

For Your Information-

• On 8 August 1967, five leaders – the Foreign Ministers of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand – came together in Bangkok, according to the website of ASEAN. Thailand was brokering some disputes among Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, and it eventually led to the signing of a document. “The five Foreign Ministers who signed it – Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso R. Ramos of the Philippines, Tun Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat Khoman of Thailand – would subsequently be hailed as the Founding Fathers of probably the most successful inter-governmental organisation in the developing world today. And the document that they signed would be known as the ASEAN Declaration,” the website added.

• Over the next few decades, five other countries joined them – Brunei Darussalam, Lao PDR, Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam. They have an anthem, a flag and biannual summits (twice a year) with a rotating chairmanship. An example of the focus on unity, its official motto is “One Vision, One Identity, One Community”.

• The ASEAN Declaration signed by the five leaders conveyed the aspiration to further regional cooperation. These were about cooperation in the economic, social, cultural, technical, educational and other fields, and in the promotion of regional peace and stability and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter. It stipulated that the Association would be open for participation by all States in the Southeast Asian region subscribing to its aims, principles and purposes.

• Its major pillars that help lay out a blueprint for cooperation are Political-Security Community (APSC), Economic Community (AEC) and Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC).

• ASEAN is central to India’s Act East policy, which focuses on the extended neighbourhood in the Asia-Pacific region. The policy was originally conceived as an economic initiative but has gained political, strategic and cultural dimensions including the establishment of institutional mechanisms for dialogue and cooperation. India is part of the ASEAN Plus Six grouping, which includes China, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand and Australia as well.

• In 2010, a Free Trade Agreement was also signed and entered into force between India and ASEAN. While India was part of negotiations to join the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in 2020, it ultimately decided not to do so. However, in the past eight years, trade has grown in terms of value, barring the pandemic years of 2020 and 2021.

Do You Know-

• Beginning in 2005, 16 participating countries comprised EAS grouping, with their first meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. These members were the 10 ASEAN countries, Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, and the Republic of Korea. ASEAN’s 10 member countries are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The United States and the Russian Federation joined at the 6th East Asia Summit in 2011. Simply, the EAS is an ASEAN initiative and refers to the annual Meeting of Heads of States/Governments of these countries, where they are able to discuss common concerns and interests.

• Its creation was based on the idea of enhancing cooperation among East Asian countries and those in the neighbouring regions. Six priority areas of cooperation were identified – environment and energy, education, finance, global health issues and pandemic diseases, natural disaster management, and ASEAN Connectivity.

• In the past, the issues of claims over the South China Sea, the United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Sea, terrorism, the actions of North Korea and the conflict situation in Myanmar have been discussed by the countries.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍What is the East Asia Summit, which V-P Dhankar attended recently

📍What is ASEAN?

EXPRESS NETWORK

Wildlife population declined by 73% in 50 years: WWF report

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change – that do not require subject specialization.

 Main Examination: General Studies III: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.

What’s the ongoing story-Monitored global wildlife populations have declined by 73 per cent in the last 50 years, owing to habitat loss, degradation, impacts of climate change and invasive species, the World Wildlife Fund’s (WWF) biennial living planet report said.

Key Points to Ponder-

• Living Planet Report 2024-Know key highlights

• What is the purpose of the Living Planet Report?

• World Wildlife Fund (WWF)-Know in detail

• Zoological Society of London-Know in detail

• According to the report, what is the main drivers of wildlife population decline around the world?

• What Living Planet Report 2024 said about India?

For Your Information-

• In India, the decline of three vulture species – white-rumped vulture, Indian vulture, and slender-billed vulture, has been alarming, WWF said.

• The report’s conclusions were based on tracking 35,000 population trends and 5,495 species of amphibians, mammals, birds, fish and reptiles. To be sure, the decline is not in terms of the number of populations lost but the average changes in monitored animal populations around the world. Among the different ecosystems, the freshwater populations saw the highest decline with their populations falling by 85 per cent, followed by terrestrial populations, which saw a 69 per cent decline and a 56 per cent decline in marine populations, according to the report. Habitat loss, over exploitation, climate change, pollution, invasive species, diseases were the dominant drivers of the decline of wildlife. Habitat loss was driven by unsustainable agriculture, fragmentation, logging, mining, to name a few causes.

• “When a population falls below a certain level, that species may not be able to perform its usual role within the ecosystem – whether that’s seed dispersal, pollination, grazing, nutrient cycling or many other processes that keep the ecosystem functioning,” the report says. The report noted that the decline in the natural world has larger implications as they trigger cumulative impacts, which can eventually lead to tipping points.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍LIVING PLANET REPORT 2024

EXPLAINED

Rice with added nutrients, Centre to continue supply until 2028

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Main Examination: General Studies II: Issues relating to poverty and hunger.

What’s the ongoing story-The Union Cabinet on Wednesday (October 9) extended the universal supply of fortified rice in all central government schemes providing free food grain under the National Food Security Act, 2021, in its present form, until December 2028.

Key Points to Ponder-

• What is rice fortification, and why is it needed?

• What is the process by which rice is fortified?

• How is fortified rice cooked and eaten?

• How has the fortification initiative fared so far?

For Your Information-

• The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), country’s top food regulator, defines fortification as “deliberately increasing the content of essential micronutrients in a food so as to improve the nutritional quality of food and to provide public health benefit with minimal risk to health”.

• India has very high levels of malnutrition among women and children.
According to the Food Ministry, every second woman in the country is anaemic, and every third child is stunted. “According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) conducted between 2019 and 2021, anaemia remains a widespread issue in India, affecting children, women, and men across various age groups and income levels. Besides iron deficiency, other vitamin and mineral deficiencies, such as Vitamin B12 and folic acid, also persist, impacting the overall health and productivity of the population,” the aforementioned government statement said.

• Fortification of food is considered to be one of the most suitable methods to combat malnutrition. Rice is one of India’s staple foods, which is consumed by about two-thirds of the population. Per capita rice consumption in India is 6.8 kg per month. Fortifying rice with micronutrients is an option to supplement the diet of the poor.

• Various technologies, such as coating, dusting, and ‘extrusion’, are available to add micronutrients to regular rice. The last mentioned technology involves the production of fortified rice kernels (FRKs) from a mixture using an ‘extruder’ machine. It is considered to be the best technology for India.

• Dry rice flour is mixed with a premix of micronutrients, and water is added to this mixture, which is then passed through a twin-screw extruder with heating zones. Kernels similar in shape and size to rice are produced, which, as per Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution guidelines, must “resemble the normal milled rice as closely as possible”.

• The kernels are dried, cooled, and packaged. FRK has a shelf life of at least 12 months. The kernels are blended with regular rice to produce fortified rice. Under the Ministry’s guidelines, 10 g of FRK must be blended with 1 kg of regular rice.
According to FSSAI norms, 1 kg of fortified rice will contain the following: iron (28 mg-42.5 mg), folic acid (75-125 microgram), and vitamin B-12 (0.75-1.25 microgram). Rice may also be fortified with zinc (10 mg-15 mg), vitamin A (500-750 microgram RE), vitamin B-1 (1 mg-1.5 mg), vitamin B-2 (1.25 mg-1.75 mg), vitamin B-3 (12.5 mg-20 mg) and vitamin B-6 (1.5 mg-2.5 mg) per kg.

• It is no different from the way any rice is cooked and eaten. The rice needs to be cleaned and washed in the normal way before cooking. After cooking, fortified rice retains the same physical properties and micronutrient levels as it had before cooking.
Fortified rice is packed in jute bags with the logo (‘+F’) and the line “Fortified with Iron, Folic Acid, and Vitamin B12”.

Do You Know-

• In his Independence Day speech in 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that rice distributed under various central government schemes like the Public Distribution System (PDS) and Mid-Day Meal Scheme in schools, would be fortified by 2024. In April 2022, the Centre cleared a phase-wise plan to implement the rice fortification initiative.

• Phase 1 had already been implemented when the Centre’s plan was cleared. It saw two programmes — Integrated Child Development Services and PM POSHAN — covered by March 2022.

• Phase 2 extended the supply of fortified rice to PDS and other welfare schemes in 112 Aspirational Districts in 27 states, and 291 high stunting burden districts by March 2023.

• Phase 3 saw all remaining districts in the country get covered under the initiative by March 2024.

• The cost of rice fortification is around Rs 2,700 crore per annum — less than 2% of India’s annual total food subsidy bill. Since the 2019-20 fiscal year through March 31, 2024, approximately 406 lakh metric tonnes (LMT) of fortified rice have been distributed through the PDS, the government said in a statement issued in July this year.

• As per officials, there are 925 fortified rice manufacturers in the country, with a capacity of 111 LMT per annum. FRK produced by these manufacturers are sent to India’s 21,000-odd rice mills for blending. Installed blenders in these mills have a monthly capacity to produce 223 LMT of fortified rice.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Govt to continue universal supply of fortified rice, says anaemia remains a widespread issue

Deciphering proteins using AI

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: General Science

Main Examination: General Studies III: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.

What’s the ongoing story-Proteins are some of the most important life-sustaining molecules in any living organism. They perform a critical role in almost all biological processes. In fact, life itself would not be possible in absence of proteins. This is why these large and complex molecules have been subjects of scientific studies for decades. This research, over the years, has led to significant breakthroughs when it comes to the understanding of the structure and functioning of these proteins, many of which have garnered Nobel Prizes.
Key Points to Ponder-

• Why is work on proteins important?

• ‘This year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for research on proteins’-Elaborate

• What did Jumper and Hassabis do?

• What did Baker do?

• ‘Scientists David Baker, Demis Hassabis and John Jumper have been honoured not for presenting any new insights into proteins themselves, but for developing tools that make it vastly easier and quicker to decipher their structures, and make entirely new proteins’-Analyse

• What is AlphaFold?

• Why is their work important?

For Your Information-

• Proteins are made of long chains of amino acids, which themselves are small organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen and sometimes sulphur. There are 20 different amino acids that serve as the building blocks of proteins. Different combinations of amino acids, arranged in a sequence and folded tightly into unique three-dimensional shapes, form the proteins that are vital to almost all biological processes.

• Certain kinds of proteins, called enzymes, can speed up biochemical reactions within the body, while others can provide structural support to cells and tissues. Then there are some proteins that help in immune response, while others can store nutrients or energy. It has long been known that the structure of proteins determines their functions. A few decades ago, it was discovered that it is the sequence of amino acids that decide how they will fold in three-dimensional shapes, thus determining the final structure of proteins. This discovery earned biochemist Christian Anfinsen the Chemistry Nobel in 1972, which he shared with Stanford Moore and William H Stein. Although scientists have been trying to unravel the structure of proteins for several years for the insight this provides regarding biological processes in the body, progress in this regard has been slow.

• Hassabis and Jumper built upon this work to create AlphaFold. The AI tool predicts the structures of proteins using known sequences of amino acids from the database. These predictions were then matched to catalogued protein structures in the other database. With training, the AI tool gained sufficient accuracy in predicting protein structures, given a particular sequence of amino acids. Although developed just a few years ago, the tool has already undergone multiple upgrades. Today it is being used by a large number of researchers.

• Baker developed Rosetta, a software to predict protein structures. “Baker made his debut in the CASP competition in 1998 using Rosetta and, in comparison to other participants, it did really well. This success led to a new idea – that David Baker’s team could use the software in reverse. Instead of entering amino acid sequences in Rosetta and getting protein structures out, they should be able to enter a desired protein structure and obtain suggestions for its amino acid sequence, which would allow them to create entirely new proteins,” the Nobel website says.
Baker and his team succeeded, and today, a variety of new proteins with various functions can be created in labs.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Chemistry Nobel 2024 out: What exactly have the winners done, why it matters

ECONOMY

20 months on, key lending rate at 6.5%, stance changed to ‘neutral’

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Economic and Social Development-Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc.

Mains Examination: General Studies III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment.

What’s the ongoing story-The Reserve Bank of India’s newly reconstituted Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) left the repo rate, the key policy rate, steady at 6.5 per cent Wednesday for the 10th consecutive time as inflation continued to remain a sore point. The last change in the repo rate was in February 2023 when the RBI hiked it by 25 basis points to 6.5 per cent.

Key Points to Ponder-

• The RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) changed its stance to “neutral” but kept the policy rate unchanged-why?

• What is the meaning of withdrawal of accommodation in RBI?

• ‘The six-member MPC, changed the monetary policy stance to ‘neutral’, after keeping it as ‘withdrawal of accommodation’ for 28 straight months’-Elaborate

• The change in monetary policy stance to neutral indicates what?

• How this move will impact Inflation?

• Most economists expect the RBI to cut the repo rate by 25 bps-Do you agree with same?

For Your Information-

• The decision to keep the repo rate steady was taken with 5:1 majority, with the newly inducted external MPC member Nagesh Kumar, Director and Chief Executive, Institute for Studies in Industrial Development, voting to reduce the repo rate by 25 basis points (bps). One basis point is one-hundredth of a percentage point.

• The RBI retained the CPI forecast for FY2025 at 4.5 per cent. However, for Q2 FY25, the RBI expects inflation to ease to 4.1 per cent from the 4.4 per cent projection made in the August policy. In Q3 and Q4, the inflation is expected to be at 4.8 per cent and 4.2 per cent, respectively, compared to earlier estimates of 4.7 per cent and 4.3 per cent. For Q1 FY26, the RBI has revised downward the inflation projection to 4.3 per cent from 4.4 per cent.
The real GDP growth projection for FY2025 has been left unchanged at 7.2 per cent. In the September 2025 quarter, the RBI lowered its GDP projection to 7 per cent (vs 7.2 per cent in August policy), while for Q3 and Q4, it has revised the forecast upwards from 7.3 per cent and 7.2 per cent, respectively to 7.4 per cent each.

• The MPC also decided to change the monetary policy stance to ‘neutral’ and to remain unambiguously focused on a durable alignment of inflation with the target, while supporting growth.
The RBI’s decision to change the policy stance from the withdrawal of accommodation means it won’t initiate measures to reduce money supply in the system. The regulator was following the withdrawal of accommodation stance to bring down inflation while supporting the growth.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Ready for a lower rate

95% of households have phone in India, only 9.9% own computer

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Economic and Social Development-Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc.

Main Examination: General Studies II: Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential;

What’s the ongoing story-Over 95 per cent of households possess a telephone or mobile phone in India, while just 9.9 per cent of households possess a computer including desktop, personal computer and laptops, the Comprehensive Annual Modular Survey 2022-23 released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) on Wednesday showed. The concentration of ownership of computers is with urban households with a 21.6 per cent share, while rural households have a 4.2 per cent share.

Key Points to Ponder-

• What are the key highlights of the Comprehensive Annual Modular Survey 2022-23?

• What are the major findings of the survey?

• Why this survey is important?

• What is the Digital Divide?

For Your Information-

• Approximately 96.9 percent of persons aged 15-24 years are able to read and write simple statements with understanding and also able to perform simple arithmetic calculations. In the same age group, the figure stands around 97.8 percent for males and 95.9 percent for females.

• The mean years of schooling in formal education, for persons age 15 years and above is 8.4 at the all-India level and the same is 7.5 for persons age 25 years and above.

• The average out-of-pocket medical expenditure per household on hospitalization during last 365 days in rural and urban areas are Rs 4,129/- and Rs 5,290/-respectively. Additionally, the average out-of-pocket medical expenditure per household on non-hospitalization during last 30 days in rural and urban areas are Rs 539/- and Rs 606/- respectively.

• Approximately 93.7 percent urban population has convenient access to low-capacity public transport (bus, car, taxi, auto etc) within 500 meters from the place of living.

• 78.4% of youth aged 15-24 years can send messages with attached files, while 71.2% can use copy-and-paste tools. Additionally, 26.8% can perform more advanced tasks like searching for information, sending emails, and conducting online banking.

• 95.7% of persons aged 15-24 years in rural areas can use mobile phones, with the figure being 97% in urban areas.

• 82.1% of rural youth aged 15-24 years can use the internet, compared to 91.8% in urban areas.

• Around 94.6% persons aged 18 years and above, having an account individually are jointly in any bank / other financial institution at all India level.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Results of Comprehensive Annual Modular Survey, July 2022- June 2023

Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:

📍Implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) based projects/programmes usually suffers in terms of certain vital factors. Identify these factors and suggest measures for their effective implementation. (UPSC CSE 2019)

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