Delhi pollution: Why PM2.5 and PM10 affect children more than adults? Here’s how you can protect your kid

“Children are more vulnerable to air pollution because they breathe faster and are closer to the ground. They inhale more air per kg of body weight than adults. When they do so, the pollutants can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and irritation of the airways. Children may have reduced lung function that’s four times worse than adults. Sometimes pregnant women become more prone to premature births,” says pulmonologist Dr Nikhil Modi.

What can particles like PM2.5 and PM10 do to their lungs?

Fine particles (PM2.5 with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less) can cross the alveolar barrier, which protects the lungs from damage, and get into the bloodstream, potentially impacting other organs and exacerbating systemic inflammation. “Studies have shown that children living in areas with high levels of PM2.5 have smaller lungs when they turn 18 than those living in areas with low levels. They run the risk of developing asthma and respiratory infections,” says Dr Modi.

PM10 exposure can increase the risk of upper and lower respiratory infections in children of any age. This is evident from bouts of coughing, stuffy nose, stinging eyes, wheezing, chest tightness and breathlessness.

“The damage caused by pollution can be both immediate and long-term, with studies showing that exposure during early childhood may predispose individuals to chronic lung diseases like COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) in adulthood,” says Dr Modi.

What can be day-to-day preventive strategies for children?

Limit outdoor exposure. Restrict outdoor activities during peak pollution hours, typically early mornings and late evenings. Use air quality apps to track pollution levels and plan the day accordingly.

“Duration of outdoor exposure should be limited to 15-30 minutes during moderate pollution levels (Air Quality Index or AQI 101-150) and avoided entirely during severe pollution episodes. Indoor play areas with air purification systems can serve as alternatives. When outdoors, children should wear appropriate masks (above age 2), and activities should be less strenuous to reduce deep breathing. Parents should monitor children for any respiratory symptoms and maintain a daily log. Post-outdoor activity, children should undergo thorough cleaning including nasal irrigation with saline solution and changing clothes. Activities should be planned in areas with more vegetation and away from traffic. Swimming in indoor pools with good ventilation can be a suitable alternative for physical activity,” says Dr Chawla.

Use air purifiers with HEPA filters to minimize indoor pollution from dust, smoke, and cooking. “Parents should keep children indoors when AQI exceeds 150. Indoor air should be purified using HEPA filters, and regular cleaning to remove dust and particulate matter is essential. Windows should remain closed during high pollution periods, and air purifiers should run continuously in children’s rooms. When outdoors is necessary, N95 masks (for children above 2 years) should be used, though they may not fit perfectly on small faces. Regular vacuuming with HEPA-filtered machines, wet mopping, and maintaining indoor humidity between 30-50 per cent can help reduce indoor pollutants. Parents should avoid using harsh cleaning chemicals or air fresheners that can contribute to indoor air pollution. Regular maintenance of air conditioning systems and changing air filters monthly is crucial. Additionally, keeping indoor plants known for air purification, such as spider plants or snake plants, can help improve air quality naturally,” says Dr Chawla.

Provide an antioxidant-rich diet, including fruits and vegetables like spinach, carrots, and citrus fruits, to boost lung health and combat oxidative stress caused by pollutants. “Children should maintain optimal hydration with 1-1.5 litres of water daily (age-appropriate). Diet should be rich in antioxidants including vitamins C, E, and A. Foods high in Omega-3 fatty acids help reduce inflammation from pollution exposure,” says Dr Chawla.

Develop green spaces around your homes or even balconies, because foliage acts as a natural air filter.

What about children with pre-existing health conditions?

Parents should establish a comprehensive healthcare plan with their pediatrician, including regular monitoring of respiratory function and allergic responses. “Maintain detailed records of pollution-related symptoms and responses to interventions with the child’s doctors. Regular spirometry testing (for children able to perform it) can help track lung function changes,” says Dr Chawla.

He even recommends that healthcare providers be trained in recognising early signs of pollution-related health issues. “Telemedicine options should be available for quick consultations during high pollution days. Regular health education sessions for parents and caregivers about pollution-related health impacts and preventive measures are essential,” he adds.

How does pollution impact them and what should pregnant women do?

Prenatal exposure to air pollution can significantly impact foetal development. Studies show increased risks of low birth weight, premature birth and developmental issues. Dr Chawla advises that pregnant women should minimize outdoor exposure during high pollution periods and use air purifiers at home and workplace. “Regular prenatal check-ups should include monitoring for any pollution-related complications. Antioxidant-rich diet and proper supplementation under medical supervision is crucial. Pregnant women should wear N95 masks when outdoors and limit physical activity during high pollution periods. Indoor exercise in a filtered air environment is recommended. Regular monitoring of foetal growth and development should be conducted. Stress management is important as pollution-related anxiety can impact foetal development,” he adds.