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Important topics and their relevance in UPSC CSE exam for August 3, 2024. If you missed the August 2nd, 2024 UPSC CSE exam key from the Indian Express, read it here.
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UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: GS-I, III: Geography, Disaster Management
What’s the ongoing story- Amitabh Kant writes: In the past few days, Wayanad has been in the news for a devastating landslide that claimed hundreds of lives. The landslide, which was triggered by a cloudburst, also resulted in the destruction of homes, with several people trapped under debris. It struck Meppadi, Mundakkai, and Chooralmala and resulted in the collapse of a nearby bridge that was used to enter Attamala in Mundakkai.
Prerequisites:
— What is a landslide?
— What is the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)?
— What is an eco-sensitive area?
— What are the reasons behind landslides?
Key takeaways:
— According to climate experts, the landslide was triggered by extremely heavy rainfall caused by the warming of the Arabian Sea. The southeast Arabian Sea is becoming warmer, leading to atmospheric instability over large parts of the Western Ghat, including Kerala. Rain-laden areas with deep clouds are moving southward, resulting in excessive rain.
— In 2011, the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel, headed by ecologist Madhav Gadgil, demarcated the region as an ecologically sensitive area (ESA).
— The Gadgil Committee recommended the banning of construction, mining, and quarrying activities in large parts of the Western Ghats, one of the world’s eight hottest biodiversity hotspots.
— Nearly half of Kerala comprises hills and mountainous regions with slopes exceeding 20 degrees, making these areas particularly prone to landslides during heavy rains… Landslides and flash floods often occur in regions where the impacts of both climate change and human intervention in land use are evident.
— The study, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, indicated that around 85 per cent of Wayanad’s total area was under forest cover until the 1950s. Now, the region is known for its extensive rubber plantations. The intensity of the landslide increased because of the rubber trees, which are less effective in holding soil compared to the dense forest cover of pre-plantation times.
— Mindless construction in vulnerable areas has greatly contributed to such disasters across the country, especially in hilly and mountainous zones.
— The Wayanad tragedy is a stark reminder of the delicate balance between nature and human activity. It highlights the dire consequences of neglecting ecological warnings and the pressing need to adopt sustainable development practices to safeguard the environment and the lives that depend on it.
For Your Information:
— The Western Ghats have been classified as an ecologically fragile region. Recent research by experts at the Indian Institute of Science divided the 1.6 lakh sq km of Western Ghats into four ecologically sensitive regions (ESR). Promoting sustainable land-management practices such as reforestation, controlled deforestation, and sustainable agriculture is crucial to maintaining hillside stability and reducing soil erosion, thereby mitigating the effects of heavy rains.
— The Central government on Friday issued the sixth iteration of a draft notification, declaring 56,825.7 sq km of the Western Ghats an ecologically sensitive area (ESA) in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
— The ESAs proposed across these states are spread over 449 sq km in Gujarat, Maharashtra (17,340 sq km), Goa (1,461 sq km), Karnataka (20,668 sq km), Tamil Nadu (6,914 sq km), and Kerala (9,993.7 sq km). The Centre has provided a window of 60 days to submit objections and suggestions on the draft.
Points to Ponder:
— How does plantation agriculture impact the ecology of a region?
— How unscientific constructions have led to multiple disasters in India?
— Why is Western Ghat classified as an ecologically sensitive area?
— Highlight the significance of sustainable development practices.
Post Read Question:
Prelims
(1). ‘Gadgil Committee Report’ and ‘Kasturirangan Committee Report’, sometimes seen in the news, are related to (UPSC CSE 2016)
(a) constitutional reforms
(b) Ganga Action Plan
(c) linking of rivers
(d) protection of Western Ghats
Mains
Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats. (UPSC CSE 2021)
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
Govt reissues draft notification to declare over 56,000 sq km of Western Ghats as eco-sensitive
UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: GS-II: Government policies and interventions
What’s the ongoing story- Suhas Palshikar writes: It is a matter of some surprise that a government with most of its members being proud members of the RSS took 10 years to lift the ban on government servants joining the organisation. There is no doubt that this decision will make only a nominal difference because civil servants sympathising with the RSS have been aplenty. Now they will adorn the membership openly while in office.
Prerequisites:
— What is constitutional morality?
— What is the history of RSS?
Key takeaways:
— So, while we are witnessing a caricature of the Weberian model of bureaucracy, the lifting of the ban on civil servants joining RSS might not make much substantive difference. Those who subscribed to its worldview would already have been operating through that prism while in service and their identity too would not be totally unknown to their superiors and to citizens approaching them.
— By formally revoking restrictions, the government has only underscored the emergence of a de jure Hindu administration.
— The real question that the recent decision raises is, once again, of the relationship between the ideology of the RSS and the ideology on which we currently (at least formally) expect institutions in the country to run, viz the Constitution.
— More substantively, the RSS does not approve of the way India was restructured after 1947. It believes that “It would have been logical for our post-1947 rulers to re-structure the national life in keeping with our culture. Sadly, that golden opportunity was lost”
— For almost a century now, India has witnessed a parallel evolution of politics of two varieties — through two contesting paradigms. Hindutva politics has mostly developed intellectually through the Golwalkar-Savarkar paradigm and democratic politics has been shaped through the Gandhi-Nehru paradigm.
— The interventions of BR Ambedkar ensured that it was saved from Gandhi’s romanticism about tradition and Nehru’s romanticism that democracy will address all ills automatically… This may be understood as the framework of constitutional morality.
— Democracy lives with a perpetual challenge that it must accept the existence of non-democratic, sub-democratic and exclusionary ideas and politics. Indian democracy has struggled with this challenge all through its formal existence for the past seven decades.
— When democracy is corroded from within and through democratic coups, the first thing that supporters of democracy need to do is to recognise the elephant in the room.
For Your Information:
— On July 9, the DoPT, which manages the central government’s human resources, said the government has “reviewed” instructions issued in 1966, 1970, and 1980, “and it has been decided to remove the mention of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) from the impugned OMs (Official Memorandums) dated 30.11.1966, 25.07.1970 and 28.10.1980”.
— July 9 Circular means that the RSS is not a “political” organisation, and that central government employees can now take part in RSS activities without fear of attracting action under Rule 5(1) of the Conduct Rules.
Points to Ponder:
— Why are government officials not allowed to join political parties?
— What is the significance of constitutional morality?
— What are the challenges to the Indian democracy?
Post Read Question:
(2). Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) was formed in which of the following years?
(a) 1907
(b) 1915
(c) 1925
(d) 1937
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
Constitutional morality: Definition, origin and challenges
UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: GS-I: Issues related to women
What’s the ongoing story- Italy’s Angela Carini withdrew from her Round of 16 boxing bout against Algeria’s Imane Khelif after only 46 seconds and a couple of punches to her face on Thursday, triggering the Olympics’ biggest controversy yet.
Prerequisites:
— What is testosterone?
— What are Disorders of Sex Development (DSDs)?
— What is Swyer syndrome?
Key takeaways:
— The participation of trans women, and women having certain “masculine” biological characteristics like higher testosterone levels, in women’s sports has long been a subject of polarising debate.
— In 2023, Khelif and Chinese Taipei boxer Lin Yu-ting were banned from competing in the International Boxing Association’s (IBA’s) World Championship in New Delhi after failing a “gender eligibility” test, the details of which remain confidential.
— However, both are now competing at the Paris Olympics. This is because the IBA was derecognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) last June over governance and financial issues… The only determinant for eligibility in the Paris Olympics is the gender stated in an athlete’s passport — Khelif’s passport says she is female.
— Sex is determined based on chromosomes, which carry genes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes — 22 are identical in men and women; one, the sex chromosome, is different.The XX sex chromosomes result in the development of female sex organs, and XY in male sex organs.
— The SRY gene, found on the Y chromosome, is responsible for the production of testosterone. Multiple studies have attempted to decode the impact that this hormone has on physical characteristics. A 2017 paper… supported the link between testosterone and athletic performance.
— Crucially, some people born with female reproductive organs may also carry the XY chromosome, in what is known as Swyer syndrome, one of many “Disorders of Sex Development”, or DSDs.
— In 2021 the IOC decided to leave it to international sports federations to develop their own set of eligibility rules, based on an “evidence-based approach” keeping in mind principles of “fairness”, “inclusion”, “non-discrimination”, “no presumption of advantage”, and “prevention of harm”.
— At the end of the day, there is still lots that is not known about the impact of testosterone on sporting performance. Many question if the case of women who are born with higher levels of testosterone is any different from that of people with other genetic advantages — like LeBron James’ height or Michael Phelps’ massive fin-like hands.
Points to Ponder:
— What are the challenges faced by people with Disorders of Sex Development (DSDs)?
— Why do sports authorities have different eligibility criteria for persons with DSDs?
— What is the hyperandrogenism condition in Dutee Chand?
Post Read Question:
(3). Which of the following statements is correct about hyperandrogenis?
(a) It is a medical invention that enabled the deaf person to hear the sound from air vibration
(b) It is the new form of IVF to help women with infertility
(c) It is a newly discovered thyroid hormone that causes hypertension
(d) It is a condition that causes the female body to naturally produce male sex hormones at higher levels than most women
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
Paris Olympics boxing gender debate: Why was Imane Khelif allowed to compete against Angela Carini?
UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: GS-II: International relations
What’s the ongoing story- Hamas killed around 1,200 Israelis and took 250 hostage on October 7, 2023, and Israel’s response with air strikes and ground operations is estimated to have killed more than 40,000 people in Gaza so far. But all these deaths — including those of thousands of Palestinian women and children — could ultimately prove less consequential than those of three individuals, news of whose killings became known this week.
Prerequisites:
— What is the Israel-Hamas Conflict?
— What is the Swords of Iron War?
— What is the ‘Axis of Resistance’?
Key takeaways:
— On July 31, Ismail Haniyeh, head of the political bureau of Hamas and the Qatar-based public face of the group, was killed in Tehran where he was attending the inauguration of the new reformist President Masoud Pezeshkian.
— These targeted killings are seen as a huge victory for Israel, which had vowed revenge for the October 7 attacks, a catastrophic failure of its intelligence, operations, and response mechanisms. Its Swords of Iron military offensive in Gaza had the twin objectives of destroying Hamas and freeing the hostages.
— But the killings could have consequences for all of West Asia. By targeting the leaders of Hezbollah and Hamas — both groups are part of the ‘Axis of Resistance’ sponsored by Iran — Israel has redrawn the red lines of the conflict in West Asia.
— What it did though, was to expose the vulnerabilities of Iran’s intelligence and security establishment in much the same way as the Hamas attack had exposed and embarrassed the Israelis.
— There are three scenarios on the possible Iranian response.
— FIRST, Iran could consider picking targets on Israeli soil and carry out a repeat of the aerial attacks of April.
— SECOND, it could coordinate with its partners in the ‘Axis of Resistance’ — the three Hs, Hamas, Hezbollah, and the Houthis — to conduct coordinated attacks on Israeli targets.
— THIRD, it might target Israeli officials in third countries, perhaps after waiting for some time.
— All these three potential options for Iran present concerns for India. The first two scenarios carry the risk of combustion into a broader regional conflict, adversely impacting the safety of Indian citizens in West Asia, and India’s energy security.
— The third scenario is one with which India is already familiar — the wife of an Israeli diplomat was attacked in New Delhi in 2012 — and which presents a difficult diplomatic challenge.
— But the immediate diplomatic challenge is to avert full-scale war in the region. Much will depend on how Khamenei and Pezeshkian think and respond to the situation.
For Your Information:
— The Hamas-led October 7 attacks and the consequent Israeli ground invasion of the Gaza Strip have revived the centrality of the Israeli-Palestinian issue in regional politics. The ongoing war has already proven to be one of the longest and deadliest conflicts since the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.
— The Indian position on the ongoing Israel-Hamas war and the broader Israeli-Palestinian conflict has remained in tune with its historical stand for a two-state solution achieved through diplomatic negotiations within the purviews of the resolutions passed in the United Nations.
— However, prolonging the war and its regional fallouts can affect India’s economic and strategic moves, such as the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor and maintaining a balance between relations with Israel and Iran.
Points to Ponder:
— What are India’s energy security concerns in the Middle East?
— How does the Israel-Hamas conflict affect the geopolitics of the region?
— What is the impact of the Israel-Hamas conflict on India’s foreign policy?
Post Read Question:
Prelims
(4). The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (UPSC CSE 2018)
(a) China
(b) Israel
(c) Iraq
(d) Yemen
Mains
“India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2018)
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
The Israel-Hamas War, Middle East Geopolitics and Implications for India
UPSC Issue at a Glance | Iran-Israel Conflict: 5 Key Questions You Must Know for Prelims and Mains
UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.
Mains Examination: GS-II, GS-III: Government policies and interventions, Infrastructure and environment
What’s the ongoing story- The Central government’s Rs 72,000 cr-Great Nicobar Island (GNI) infrastructure project will involve the construction of an airport for civilian and defence use, an international container transshipment terminal, and a township. However, it has also faced legal challenges in the National Green Tribunal (NGT) and the Calcutta High Court, which has jurisdiction over the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Prerequisites:
— What is the strategic significance of Andaman and Nicobar?
— What is the Great Nicobar Island Project?
Key takeaways:
— In 2022, environmental activist Ashish Kothari and Mumbai-based non-profit Conservation Action Trust (CAT) challenged the environmental and Coastal Regulation Zone clearances granted to the GNI project. Along with the submission before the eastern bench of the NGT, CAT filed a separate appeal challenging the forest clearance.
— The Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEFCC) grants these clearances to permit construction activities. The appeals before the NGT sought for them to be quashed.
— Issues of inadequate assessment of the impact on Shompen and Nicobarese tribal communities and non-compliance with due process in granting statutory clearances were also flagged.
— CAT also alleged a conflict of interest as the Secretary, Environment and Forests, of the UT of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, was also the Managing Director of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation Limited (ANIIDCO).
— The petition has said that the NGT failed to critically evaluate the project clearances, “blinded by the mention of strategic importance of the project”. It added that by forming an HPC to revisit the project’s environmental clearance, the NGT delegated its decision. The plea referred to the Supreme Court’s earlier orders, which have said that the NGT cannot “abdicate its judicial functions to an administrative expert committee”.
For Your Information:
— The Great Nicobar ‘Holistic Development’ Project was conceived by the NITI Aayog and the key plan includes construction of an international container transshipment terminal; township and area development, a 450 MVA gas and solar-based power plant, an airport for civilian and defence use.
— The project will be spread over an area of 166 sq km and environmentalists and activists are concerned it will impact leatherback turtle nesting sites, Nicobar megapode nesting mounds, corals, the particularly vulnerable Shompen tribes group and the ancestral lands of the Great Nicobarese Scheduled Tribe community.
Points to Ponder:
— What is the need for the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)?
— What are the key highlights of the Great Nicobar project?
— What are the concerns related to the project?
Post Read Question:
(5). The Shompen tribe resides in which of the following places?
(a) Odisha
(b) Kerala
(c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Andaman and Nicobar
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
Development of Great Nicobar: strategic imperative and ecological concerns
UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: GS-III: Economy
What’s the ongoing story- In a big push to infrastructure spending, the Union government Friday approved eight national high-speed corridor projects under which 936-km length highways will be constructed at a cost Rs 50,655 crore.
Prerequisites:
— What is the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) model?
— What is the hybrid Annuity Model (HAM)?
— What is the EPC (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction) mode?
— What is the significance of the Public Private Partnership (PPP)?
Key takeaways:
— Four of these eight highways will be executed under the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) model, indicating the government’s keenness to return to PPP (Public Private Partnership) projects. In the last financial year, only one of the total 176 projects was tendered under the BOT model.
— Under the BOT model, the private player owns up the investment risk, builds the projects fully on its own and maintains it for a specified period. It recovers the costs by collecting toll during this period, also called the concession period.
— It also brought in a new concept called ‘construction support’, under which NHAI would pay upto 40 per cent of the total project cost to the company building the highway in 10 instalments linked to physical progress in construction. Earlier, NHAI would provide only equity support to the company.
— The four projects under the BOT model are: i) Rs 4,613 crore, 88-km six-lane Agra-Gwalior fully access-controlled high-speed corridor ii) the Rs 10,534 crore 214-km, six-lane Tharad-Deesa-Mehsana-Ahmedabad corridor iii) the Rs 5,729 crore, 121-km, four-lane Guwahati Ring Road, and iv) the Rs 7,827 crore, 30-km eight-lane, Nashik Phata-Khed corridor.
— Under the EPC model, the company building the road does not carry any financial risk and the government pays it for laying the roads. But the government owns the road, maintains it, and is also the toll collector.
— HAM is a blend of the EPC and BOT model, where the private player is able to limit its risk. NHAI pays upto 40 per cent of the project cost, and the balance is raised by the private player. Here, the private company maintains the road for the duration of the concession period, but the government collects the toll.
Points to Ponder:
— What is the significance of the private investment in the infrastructure projects?
— What are the challenges of the PPP model?
— What are the different models of investment?
Post Read Question:
Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (UPSC CSE 2022)
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
Centre’s highways push worth Rs 50,000 crore: All about the proposed high-speed corridors
UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: GS-II: Constitution, Government policies and interventions
What’s the ongoing story- A crucial aspect of the Supreme Court’s landmark verdict empowering states to make sub-classifications within the Scheduled Caste (SC) category is that the court has held that such a process has to be undertaken based on “quantifiable and demonstrable data” on the levels of backwardness and representation in government services and education institutions and not on “whims or as a matter of political expediency”.
Prerequisites:
— What is the principle of ‘creamy layer’?
— What is the sub-classification of the SC?
— What are the constitutional provisions for the protection of SC?
Key takeaways:
— However, finding “quantifiable and demonstrable data” is easier said than done if efforts to examine the sub-categorisation of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) are something to go by.
— Hampered by a lack of credible and expansive data, the reports of both the four-member Rohini Commission and the Raghavendra Kumar panel are limited in scope.
— While there has not been any movement on the recommendations of the Rohini Commission report since it was submitted on July 31, 2023, the Raghavendra Kumar panel report in Uttar Pradesh has been lying in cold storage since 2018.
— Caste-wise population and caste-wise representation are two basic data sets required to decide sub-groups. While SCs and Scheduled Tribes are enumerated during the Census — last held in 2011 — there has not been any effort to gather data on caste-wise representation in government jobs and educational institutions.
— The Narendra Modi government appointed the commission headed by Justice Rohini, a retired Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court, on October 2, 2017, to examine if the perception that only a few affluent of the more than 2,600 OBC groups listed in the Centra List had bagged most of the benefits of 27% reservation for OBCs.
— In 2018, the commission analysed the data of 1.3 lakh central government jobs under the OBC quota over the preceding five years… The analysis showed that 97% of all jobs and education seats have gone to 25% of OBC castes and 24.95% have gone to just 10 OBC communities.
For Your Information:
— Justice B R Gavai, in his opinion, wrote that “the State must evolve a policy for identifying the creamy layer even from the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes so as to exclude them from the benefit of affirmative action”.
— The concept of a creamy layer arose out of the landmark Indra Sawhney ruling in 1992.
— On November 16, 1992, a nine-judge Bench headed by Justice B P Jeevan Reddy, upheld the 27% OBC reservation subject to exclusion of the creamy layer, or the more socially, economically, and educationally advanced members among OBCs. This was done in order to ensure that reservation benefits go to those who need it the most.
— The creamy layer is not the same as sub-classification or sub-categorisation. The latter refers to community/caste wise breakdown of a reserved category (like SC) based on various socio-economic or other criteria. Creamy layer, however, refers to a group of people within a certain caste/community who are better off than the rest based on certain criteria.
Points to Ponder:
— What are the arguments in favour and against the sub-classification of SC?
— Why was the reservation for SCs and STs introduced in the Constitution?
— What is the socio-economic status of SCs and STs in India?
Post Read Question:
(6). Which of the following judgments introduced the concept of ‘creamy layer’ in OBC reservation?
(a) Indra Sawhney Case
(b) Golaknath Case
(c) Justice K.S. Puttaswamy Case
(d) S.R. Bommai case
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
Sub-classification of SCs, STs: Could OBC model for ‘creamy layer’ be a blueprint?
UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: GS-III: Science and Technology
What’s the ongoing story- Group captain Subhanshu Shukla will most likely become the first Indian in space in 40 years with Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) naming him the ‘prime’ astronaut for the first ISRO-NASA mission to the International Space Station, scheduled for any time after October this year.
Prerequisites:
— What is Gaganyaan mission?
— Important space mission of ISRO
Key takeaways:
— ISRO on Friday said it had selected Shukla, 39, and Group Captain Prasanth Balakrishnan Nair, 48, for the Axiom-4 mission, and named Shukla as the ‘prime’ astronaut, meaning he would be the one who would go to the International Space Station. Nair is the backup for this mission. He will take over in case Shukla is unable to go due to any reason.
— Only one Indian has ever been in space till now – Rakesh Sharma – who was wing commander when he flew on a Soviet spacecraft in 1984.
— Shukla and Nair are among the four Indian air force officers selected for India’s first manned space mission, Gaganyaan, that is now tentatively scheduled for next year.
— Axiom-4 is the fourth mission by private space company Axiom Space in collaboration with NASA. The spacecraft would be launched by a SpaceX rocket. Apart from Shukla, three other astronauts — one each from Poland, Hungary and the United States — will travel to the International Space Station.
— India’s Gaganyaan mission is dependent on experience gained from the ISS mission by the Indian astronauts.
For Your Information:
— Announced in 2018, Gaganyaan is one of India’s most ambitious space programmes. The task of sending humans into the vast unknown and bringing them back safely is more expensive and challenging than the Mars and Moon missions. A successful execution would put India in the company of the US, Russia and China.
Points to Ponder:
— What is the status of foreign direct investment in the space sector?
— How ISROP and NASA are cooperating in the space mission?
— What is India’s plan on the Indian Orbital Space Station, officially called, Bharatiya Antariksha Station?
Post Read Question:
(7). What is ‘Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news? (UPSC CSE 2016)
(a) Electric plane tested by NASA
(b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan
(c) Space observatory launched by China
(d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
Express View on Gaganyaan: Sky’s not the limit
| Answer Key |
| 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5.(d) 6. (a) 7. (a) |
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