Thus it was or wasn146;t

Dogma and blind belief are associated with religion. Science interpreted broadly is about reason. So runs the perception. Dogma means ideas or opinions, as opposed to facts. Given the distinction, it is remarkable how dogmatic proponents of reason tend to be. How is any proposition proved? One can try theory, in which case, assumptions or axioms can8217;t be proved. Two parallel lines never meeting or meeting at infinity is an example. That is not invariably true and is an axiom, only valid on a plane. Once that was questioned, non-Euclidean geometry evolved. Alternatively, one can try empiricism, in which case, one can never prove a proposition. At best, one can disprove or falsify it. Proof is also subject to human knowledge and standards of measurement available then. Had that not been the case, today8217;s 8216;scientific truth8217; wouldn8217;t have been falsified tomorrow. Views on the centre of the universe are instances, as are several hoaxes. Let8217;s not forget the Piltdown Man, which the scientific community believed in for forty years. The certainty associated with Newtonian classical physics has led to reduced arrogance of science and acceptance of uncertainty.

Take Archbishop James Ussher8217;s 1581-1656 proposition that the world was created on October 23, 4004 BCE. This can never be falsified. If evidence prior to 4004 BCE is cited, one has to reckon with the Ussher retort. Surely, God could have created this evidence to test our faith. There is no satisfactory response to that. As a believer in the scientific approach, I ought to say it is possible the world was created in 4004 BCE, but it is improbable. Ditto for the proposition, 8220;The Archaeological Survey of India ASI doesn8217;t exist.8221; Since mass hallucinations do occur, this is possible, but improbable. With its existence thus questioned, ASI8217;s certainty and arrogance of knowledge are remarkable. Myths are not necessarily false, the negative association with myths occurred because one didn8217;t understand other cultures. Several myths have a core in historical events, but because of distortions and exaggerations, it becomes difficult to distil out the core. Before Schliemann, we would have assumed the Trojan War and Troy had no basis in reality. Whether it is Iliad or King Arthur, the right question is not whether there was historical basis, but how much?

Reading Mahabharata and Ramayana as they have come down to us, Mahabharata seems more real. Take the description of Kripi Kripacharya8217;s sister, Droncharya8217;s wife and Ashvatthama8217;s mother. We are told she had thin hair and teeth that jutted out. This is so irrelevant to the main story that it seems as if the author was describing a real person. But this could also be because Mahabharata is a more disparate collection by several authors, knit together. Barring Uttara Kanda and perhaps a little bit of Bala Kanda, Valmiki

Ramayana is more of a unified whole. It is also shorter with 24,000 shlokas, than Mahabharata8217;s 74,000 excluding Harivamsha and has relatively more of poetry.

The compositions suggest Mahabharata was completed before Ramayana, in their final forms. There is greater geographical knowledge in Ramayana, Mahabharata8217;s terrain is limited. The core dispute much before Kurukshetra War in Mahabharata was over cattle, the Ramayana8217;s dispute was over land. Ramayana hints at a more settled and urban civilisation descriptions of Ayodhya and Lanka. War descriptions fighting with trees, drinking Duhshasana8217;s blood are less crude in Ramayana. Notwithstanding a reference to Ramayana in Mahabharata and no references the other way round, Mahabharata was probably composed before Ramayana and both probably attained their final forms by the 4th century BCE.

This leaves the more difficult and controversial question of when the core incidents happened. In the ten-avatar version, Rama is Vishnu8217;s 7th avatar, Krishna is 8th.

Ramayana happened in treta yuga, Mahabharata in dvapar yuga. There is no reason to disbelieve this traditional chronological sequence.

Astronomical attempts from references within the text to date the Kurukshetra War lead to a range of contradictory dates between 1400 BCE and 5500 BCE. Spliced with external archaeological evidence 8212; and there is no denying this is stronger for Mahabharata than

Ramayana 8212; a date around 1000 BCE seems plausible and ties in even with the hypothesis that the original war on which the subsequent story was based was the one between King Sudas and the ten kings, mentioned in the Rig Veda.

Life becomes more difficult when we come to Ramayana.

Astronomical dating now leads to a range between 5000 BCE and 7000 BCE for Rama8217;s birth. Logically, if the core Ramayana incident occurred before the core Mahabharata incident, it will be more difficult to obtain external evidence, because we are in the relatively more distant past. And we may also be looking in the wrong place, geographically speaking.

Incidentally, several names from Ramayana occur in Vedic texts, though not the core story. And there exists a Sugriva cave near Hampi in an area topographically similar to Sundara Kanda descriptions, not to speak of a former director of the Geological Survey of India thus a scientist having expressed the view that Rama8217;s Setu can8217;t be a natural formation.

Whatever be the truth, and we may never know, we are also talking about people8217;s beliefs and this is often much more important than actual truth. Knowledge brings humility and a capacity to say 8216;I don8217;t know8217;. One becomes less categorical and less confident about true and false. This is true of the Indian tradition and also the scientific approach.

ASI8217;s views should have been much more muted. Instead of a categorical assertion that Ram Setu is natural, one could have said it is unlikely it was man-made. And there certainly was no call to get into historicity of Rama and Ramayana. We would then have weighed net welfare gains from the Sethusamudram project. Instead, we had an unnecessary controversy and thankfully, the government has now withdrawn the original affidavit, with a reference to the Himalayas thrown in. Is this the sub-conscious at work? Valmiki was told that as long as the Himalayas and the great rivers existed, his work would be read.

The writer is a noted economist