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Journalism of Courage
Dogs have long been used for medical research, usually to the dismay of animal-rights activists. But now pet owners are enrolling their dogs in medical trials meant to benefit humans and animals alike. And some animal advocates are applauding the development.
Most of the trials, often sponsored by drug companies or medical device makers, involve pets with cancer8212;a leading cause of death in older dogs8212;in which the animals receive groundbreaking drugs or other treatments that are eventually meant for people.
The drug giant Pfizer has already introduced a human cancer drug that was given an early test in pet dogs, and a California company, IDM Pharma, recently filed for federal approval of another cancer drug that received similar testing.
Treating dogs gives researchers an idea of whether and how the treatment will work in people, while at the same time possibly helping the pets. 8220;It can help in reshaping the image of animals in science, from being considered tools to being considered patients,8221; said Martin Stephens, vice-president for animal research issues at the Humane Society of the United States. 8220;And we would love to see that change.8221;
The National Cancer Institute has set up a consortium of more than a dozen veterinary teaching hospitals to conduct the tests. The consortium has just completed its first study, with another to begin in a few weeks and several more planned for next year.
Government and academic scientists are also now setting up a nonprofit group to study DNA and tumour samples from pet dogs, in an effort to pinpoint genes associated with cancer in both dogs and people. The government push is adding momentum to an approach in progress for several years among universities and medical centers that have been testing companies8217; drugs and devices. Meanwhile, dogs whose owners enrol them in these trials often benefit from the best cancer treatments available.
An exemplar of the trend is Basil, a 6-year-old golden retriever who sometimes wears a scarf reading 8216;I8217;m a cancer survivor8217;. 8220;They call him the miracle dog,8221; said Alan P. Wilber, a history teacher at a community college who, along with his wife, Kathy, lives with Basil in California. Basil developed bone cancer in 2001. By the time the affected leg was amputated, the disease had spread to 11 sites in his lungs and was deemed beyond surgical hope.
But the Wilbers enrolled Basil in a study of a drug developed by Sugen, a biotechnology company, being conducted at the University of California. Enough tumours disappeared so that the rest could be removed surgically, and Basil has been free of cancer for three and a half years.
Not all 57 dogs in the trial were as lucky as Basil, but the study 8220;showed us the drug really worked, and it worked the way we thought it would,8221; said Julie Cherrington, who led preclinical research for Sugen at the time. In particular, the drug treated one type of dog cancer with the same genetic mutation as a human stomach tumor, she said.
A very similar compound that Sugen developed for people went on the market early this year for the treatment of that stomach tumour and for kidney cancer. Pfizer, which now owns Sugen, says it hopes to get the animal version approved for veterinary use. Another company, Varian Medical Systems in Palo Alto, which makes equipment for radiation therapy, is sponsoring a dog study to test the theory that radiation can make certain cancer drugs more effective, an idea it also hopes to test in people. 8220;At the same time as we are helping dogs, the dogs are providing information that is quite translatable8221; to human cancers, said Robert Sutherland, a Varian Medical executive.
Cancer is not the only affliction of people and pets that could be eased by such an approach. Cyberkinetics Neurotechnology Systems, a medical device company, for example, hopes to begin selling a product to treat spinal cord injuries, developed at Purdue and tested there on injured pet dogs.
Researchers who conduct the trials on pets say the studies are approved by medical review boards, as with human clinical trials, and the owners must sign consent agreements. Some rules are lax for dogs, though. Studies of human drugs on dogs often do not need FDA permission. It is easier to take multiple biopsies of dogs and to gain permission for autopsies after deaths. Dog studies can also be shorter term; the saying that one year of a dog8217;s life equals seven for a person holds true for cancer8217;s development as well.
8212;New York Times / ANDREW POLLACK
