World Contraception Day 2023: Understanding the different types of contraceptive methods

According to Dr Anjali Kumar, Director, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, CK Birla Hospital, Gurugram, there are numerous contraceptive methods available to individuals and the choice of method depends on factors such as personal preferences, health considerations and lifestyle.

Here are some of the different contraceptive methods, along with how they work, as per the expert:

*Barrier methods:

– Male condom: A latex or polyurethane sheath placed over the erect penis to prevent sperm from reaching the cervix. It also helps reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
– Female condom: A polyurethane or nitrile pouch inserted into the vagina to provide a barrier against sperm. Like male condoms, it can also help prevent STIs.

*Hormonal methods:

– Birth control pills: Oral contraceptives contain synthetic hormones (estrogen and progestin) that prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus to impede sperm movement, and alter the uterine lining to reduce the chances of implantation.
– Birth control patch: A small adhesive patch worn on the skin that releases hormones to prevent pregnancy. It is typically changed weekly.
– Birth control shot (Depo-Provera): An injection of a progestin hormone that provides contraception for about three months.
– Birth control implant (Nexplanon): A small, flexible rod inserted under the skin of the upper arm that releases progestin hormones and provides protection for up to three years.
– Birth control ring (NuvaRing): A flexible plastic ring inserted into the vagina that releases hormones. It is left in place for three weeks, followed by one week without the ring.

*Intrauterine devices (IUDs):

-Copper IUD: A non-hormonal IUD that releases copper ions, which are toxic to sperm, preventing fertilisation. It can stay in place for up to 10 years.
– Hormonal IUD (e.g., Mirena, Skyla): These IUDs release progestin hormones, which thicken cervical mucus and make the uterine lining less receptive to fertilised eggs. Depending on the type, they can provide protection for 3-6 years.

*Permanent Methods:

-Tubal ligation (Female sterilisation): Surgical procedure that closes or blocks the fallopian tubes, preventing eggs from reaching the uterus.
– Vasectomy (Male sterilisation): Surgical procedure that involves cutting or sealing the vas deferens, preventing sperm from being ejaculated during sexual intercourse.

*Emergency Contraception:

–Emergency contraceptive pills (morning-after pill): High-dose hormonal pills taken shortly after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy. They work by delaying or preventing ovulation.

*Fertility awareness-based methods:

– Tracking basal body temperature: Monitoring daily body temperature changes to identify the fertile window.
– Cervical mucus monitoring: Observing changes in cervical mucus consistency.
– Calendar method: Keeping track of menstrual cycles to estimate fertile days.

*Withdrawal method (pull-out method): Involves the male partner withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation to prevent sperm from entering.

A non-hormonal IUD releases copper ions, which are toxic to sperm, preventing fertilisation. (Source: Freepik)

Dr Arpana Jain, Director, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh noted that condoms are the best available protection against STIs. “The best way to lessen the risk of STIs is to use condoms. Condoms (external or internal) can be used for vaginal, anal and oral sex to help stop infections from spreading.”

Apart from this, IUDs and implants are the most effective (more than 99%) contraception available to prevent pregnancy, she said, adding that they also require replacement less often than any other method. However, this method does not protect against STIs and needs to be supplemented with a condom to practice safer sex.

On the other hand, Dr Jain explained that oral contraceptive pills, if used correctly are very effective (up to 99%) at preventing pregnancy, however, if you make a mistake, such as forgetting or delay in taking them, then the effectiveness reduces to 93%.

Similarly, she shared that natural family planning (or fertility awareness) methods are overall not as effective as other forms of contraception as they are built on trust between partners and not having sex at times when one can get pregnant. “These methods also rely on having a regular menstrual cycle, so if you have irregular periods, you have a higher chance of getting pregnant.”

The withdrawal (or pulling out) method is not recommended as a form of contraception by the experts due to the risks of sperm being present in pre-ejaculation or not withdrawing the penis on time.

Lastly, emergency contraception can be used after unprotected sex (such as missing a pill, the condom broke, or you didn’t use any contraception), but you need to get it quickly to avoid an accidental pregnancy.

It is important to consult a doctor to understand the best contraceptive method for you.

📣 For more lifestyle news, follow us on Instagram | Twitter | Facebook and don’t miss out on the latest updates!