ISRO tests fuel cell to potentially power space missions

These cells are ideal for human space missions because the heat and water generated as byproducts are also essential, meaning a single system can meet multiple requirements of the mission.

After the January 1 launch, ISRO Chairperson S Somanath said the fuel cell designed by the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) is a precursor to the future power systems for space stations. The space agency is likely to launch multiple test vehicle missions and at least one unmanned spaceflight under the Gaganyaan mission this year. India has targeted setting up a space station in low earth orbit by 2035.

These zero-emission cells might have uses on Earth as they can replace vehicle engines.

The platform successfully demonstrated another Silicon-based cell developed by VSSC. It will present a low-cost and lighter alternative to current cells. The conventional Li-ion cells use pure graphite as anode (the electrode that releases electrons to generate power in a cell), while the cell ISRO demonstrated uses a silicon-graphite composite that can accommodate more Li-ions in smaller mass, generating more energy per unit weight compared to conventional cells.

“This cell also employs cost effective hardware which is readily available and a crimped sealing based design which reduces the hardware and fabrication costs significantly,” the ISRO statement said. The cell’s ability to survive and perform in the harsh environments of space was demonstrated on-board PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM).

“… These cells are poised to be used in upcoming operational missions where 35-40% battery mass saving is expected,” the statement added.

These were two of the 10 experiments that were taken to space by the POEM in its third flight. While in most multi-stage rockets, the upper stages remain in space before dropping back to the Earth’s atmosphere and burning up. However, the space agency started using these spent stages as a platform for technology demonstrations. The other experiments on-board the January 1 PSLV launch included a radiation shielding experiment, an amateur radio and three propulsion systems by space start-ups.