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Journalism of Courage
In a draft law, shared with a handful of industry stakeholders in a watermarked format to prevent leaking of the copy to a wider audience, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting has proposed introducing onerous regulations on independent creators of news events on platforms like YouTube, Instagram and X – sparking concerns over freedom of speech and expression and the government’s powers to regulate it.
In the draft Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2024, shared with stakeholders a few weeks ago, the ministry is understood to have expanded its remit from OTT content and digital news to include social media accounts and online video creators compared to a version of the draft law which was released publicly in November 2023. The new version also defines a “digital news broadcaster” in sweeping terms, and requires prior registration with the government to prescribing standards for content evaluation.
How does the draft bill seek to include YouTube creators under its remit? What are the requirements proposed on social media companies? How have other countries gone about their broadcasting laws? We explain.
In the 2023 version of the draft, the Bill defined news and current affairs programmes as: “(i)newly-received or noteworthy audio, visual or audio-visual programmes or live programmes, including analysis, about recent events primarily of socio-political, economic or cultural nature, or (ii) any programmes transmitted or retransmitted on broadcasting network, where the context, purpose, import and meaning of such programmes implies so.”
However, in the 2024 draft has a new category called “digital news broadcaster” or “publisher of news and current affairs content” has been created, and defined as “any person who broadcasts news and current affairs programme through an online paper, news portal, website, social media intermediary, or other similar medium as part of a systematic business, professional, or commercial activity but excluding replica e-papers.”
The term ‘systematic activity’ has also been defined to mean any structured or organised activity that involves an element of planning, method, continuity or persistence – broadly vague terms which could be made to mean anything and gives the executive a long leash over enforceability.
The broader understanding within the tech industry is that the MIB is keen on regulating individuals who publish news and current affairs content as a systematic business, professional, or commercial activity. It is worth noting that the Bill specifically includes individual creators in the definition of digital news broadcasters, unlike the definition in the Information Technology Rules, 2021 that specifically excludes individual users. Currently, Part III of the 2021 IT Rules regulates digital news publishers and over-the- top (OTT) platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime Video etc.
The Bombay and Madras High Courts had stayed rule 9(1) and 9 (3) of the IT Rules 2021 that mandate news and current affairs publishers to adhere to Code of Ethics, citing its adverse impact on press freedom. These court orders may serve as a precedent if digital news broadcasters seek a stay on provisions in the Broadcasting Bill, if it were to be published in its current form.
Now, if a creator is categorised as a digital news broadcaster, they must ‘intimate’ the MIB about their work and existence. They will also have to form one or more content evaluation committees at their own expense – and “strive to make” the committee diverse by including individuals with a knowledge of different social groups, women, child welfare, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, minorities. The names of people in their CEC will also have to be shared with the government.
All digital news broadcasters must intimate the MIB. The 2023 version said that the government may prescribe a subscriber/viewer threshold that triggers intimation and content code obligations, but the latest version does not have this provision.
The penalty to not appoint such a committee is hefty under the current draft – news creators who do not intimate the Central Government names, credentials and other details of members of their CEC will be fined Rs 50 lakh in the first contravention, and Rs 2.5 crore for subsequent violations in the next three years. The draft Bill allows the government to “exempt a distinct class of players or a group for avoiding genuine hardship”, which suggests that some stakeholders might be exempted from the purview of the Bill.
A senior government official explained that as the rules stand today, online content creators will have to issue an intimation to the government within a month about their operation and if they have appointed a content evaluation committee (CEC) – which they have to set up at their own cost. “As per our thought process right now, there will be a simple application which such broadcasters have to fill and send to the government,” a second government official said.
It is understood that some of the big Indian creators of current affairs and news content on YouTube are on the government’s radar. To be sure, as per the current wording under the Bill, even foreign creators may fall under its ambit, although enforcing Indian content regulations on them could be challenging.
A senior government official said one key reason behind the significant expansion of scope in the current draft Bill compared to the version which was released for public consultation in November 2023 has been the “role a number of independent content creators played in the run-up to the 2024 Lok Sabha polls”.
“There were a number of instances where creators made videos on current affairs which made some sensational claims about the government and its senior leaders in the run up to the elections. That’s when it was decided that there has to be an accountability measure for these creators as well, to create a level-playing field between mainstream press and independent creators,” the official said.
This change in attitude is also evident from the swift moves the government has made in reshaping the draft version of the Bill. On June 4, the day the election results were announced, the Ministry sent a notice to stakeholders regarding a meeting on the draft Bill. Since then, industry executives said at least six meetings have taken place with the Ministry.
The draft says that online intermediaries like Facebook, YouTube, and X are exempted from liability for third-party content, if:
The Bill also has criminal liability provisions for social media companies if they do not provide information “pertaining to OTT Broadcasters and Digital News Broadcasters” on its platforms for compliance.
In Singapore, both traditional broadcasters, and over the top (OTT) content providers fall under the country’s broadcasting law. Under the country’s copyright law, OTT platforms are regulated and they require a licence from a regulator, although licensees do not have the same level of obligations as other television services.
In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and its Media Bureau regulate broadcast radio and television stations. Currently, OTT platforms are not directly regulated by United States federal laws or government authorities.
