Of the several structural problems that have hindered efforts to resolve the ethnic conflict in Manipur, two have proven particularly difficult to address. The first is the de facto segregation of the Meiteis and the Kukis, with buffer zones guarded by central forces, coming in the way of free movement across the state. The second is the re-militarisation by both communities, compounded by the inability of both the Centre (which has been in charge since February this year via President’s Rule) and the erstwhile state government to contain the violence. On both fronts, however, there are signs of progress. Ahead of PM Modi’s scheduled visit later this month, his first since the conflict began, the Ministry of Home Affairs last week announced two significant developments: The renewal of the Suspension of Operations (SoO) agreement with Kuki militant groups, and that Kuki groups had “decided to open National Highway-02”.
Previous such initiatives have either failed or stalled. In March, Home Minister Amit Shah had called for unrestricted movement across Manipur in a bid to reverse the segregation. That initiative collapsed on the very first day. The problem of the SoO is more complex. The tripartite agreement required a mutual suspension of operations between the armed forces and tribal militant groups party to it. They were to remain in designated camps, with weapons locked in storage under regular monitoring, while also receiving a monthly stipend. However, the government under former Chief Minister N Biren Singh withdrew from the deal two months before the conflict began in May 2023, and within a year, it broke down entirely. The renewed terms of the SoO tighten compliance conditions: Mandatory physical verification, photo identity cards, and reporting to local police stations whenever the cadres leave the camps.
