UPSC Key—24 August, 2023: Gig Economy, Jaipur Call for Action, Chandrayaan-3 and geopolitical stature of India

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies III: Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story-Scripting history and defining the finest moment till date of the Indian space programme, the Chandrayaan-3 Lander Module touched down on the Moon, near its south pole, at 6.04 pm after 17 minutes of powered descent, becoming the first spacecraft to land in the unexplored lunar region, believed to be a reservoir of frozen water key to future space missions. Rarely do the literal and the figurative blend together so effectively. They did Wednesday evening as the Chandrayaan-3 landed gently on the lunar surface: India was over the moon.

• What is soft landing on moon?

• Scientists behind this historic mission- Know them

• Soft landing on the Moon’s south pole-Why south pole matters?

• Moon’s North and South Pole-what you know about them?

• Why did Chandrayaan-3 landed on the south pole and not on North pole?

• Moon-Know its position and appearance

• How did scientists find water on the moon?

• Why is water on the moon important?

• What makes the south pole especially tricky?

• For Your Information-With the Lander accomplishing a ‘soft landing’ on the Moon’s south pole, India becomes the only country to have ever done so. Now, a rover, which is a small vehicle that is meant to move around on the Moon’s surface, will come out of the Lander. Some four hours later, after letting the dust from the landing settle down, a 26-kg rover emerged from the Lander Module, and began sliding on a ramp to reach the Moon’s surface. The six-wheeled rover, which is carrying two instruments and moves very slowly, is expected to crawl on the surface for the next 14 days, conducting chemical and elemental analysis of lunar soil and rocks. The Lander Module, which will remain stationary, carries four instruments that will record chemical, thermal and seismic measurements of the Moon’s surface. The lander and the rover are equipped with cameras and can photograph each other. During their stay on the Moon, ISRO is likely to receive hundreds of photographs of the lunar surface, and of the instruments doing their work. Wednesday’s landing came four years after the disappointment of Chandrayaan-2 which crashed on the lunar surface while making a similar attempt at soft-landing. All of the previous spacecraft to have landed on the Moon have landed in the region near the Moon’s equator, firstly because it is easier and safer here. The terrain and temperature are more conducive for a long and sustained operation of instruments. Sunlight is also present, offering a regular supply of energy to solar-powered instruments. The polar regions of the Moon, however, are different. Many parts lie in a completely dark region without sunlight, and temperatures can go below 230 degrees Celsius. This creates difficulty in the operation of instruments. In addition, there are large craters all over the place. As a result, the polar regions of the Moon have remained unexplored. The extremely cold temperatures could mean that anything trapped in the region would remain frozen in time, without undergoing much change. The rocks and soil in Moon’s north and south poles could therefore provide clues to the early Solar System.
Notably, Chandrayaan-2 also planned to land in this region in 2019, but it was not able to accomplish a soft landing and lost contact after it hit the surface.

• With Chandrayaan-3 successfully landing on the Moon’s surface, decks have been cleared for ISRO to unveil the next stage of its lunar exploration programme-What are the other missions?

• What is a sample return mission?

• Do You Know-A sample return mission involves a spacecraft that can collect samples from the Moon’s surface and return to Earth. A returning spacecraft, and that too from the surface of the Moon and not just from space, adds several newer levels of complexity to a lander and rover mission. China did a sample return mission with Chang’e-5 in 2020.

• Former ISRO chairman K. Sivan put it, the time has come for India to look beyond “frugal engineering” and think big- What to look beyond “frugal engineering” and think big?

• Do You Know-While Chandrayaan took nearly six weeks to get to the Moon, the failed Russian mission Luna-25 arrived there in a week. China’s Change-5 launched in 2020 took a week. In 1969, the US Apollo-11 mission, which landed the first men on the Moon, took just four days. The difference is in the power of the rockets. If India wants more impactful Moon projects, it needs bigger budgets and more powerful rockets that can arrive quicker and with heavier payloads to work on the Moon. That brings us to the second imperative. The massive scale of resources needed for significant space projects means markets must contribute to the space budget, not just the government. India has taken the first steps this year by letting the private sector into the space programme.

• The private sector into the space programme-Why?

• ‘Privatisation alone is not enough. It needs to be complemented with international cooperation’-Why?

• What is Artemis Accords?

• Why India joined the Artemis Accords?

• “Great power rivalry on the Earth has inevitably begun to envelop the Moon”-Discuss and attest with some examples

• “With outer space and the Moon set for an increased range of activity, Delhi needs laws – domestic as well as international – for its effective promotion and regulation”-What’s your opinion?

• “This is a moment to seize the new possibilities for India’s leadership in transforming the relationship between humanity and outer space”-Discuss

• What is Indian Space policy 2023?

• Is space governed by international law?

• Global Governance of outer space is very much required now?

• What is Moon Agreement of 1979?

• Russian failure and Indian success will be assessed side by side-Discuss

• There are lessons for India and its development strategy-what lessons?

• For Your Information-What Chandrayaan-3 has achieved is the result of the vision put forward by India’s early leaders that the country, though poor and developing, should create and nurture institutions of excellence pursuing the most advanced science and technology. The Atomic Energy Commission, which developed India’s nuclear programme, was set up as early as 1948 with Prime Minister Nehru as its Chairman. This reflected the high importance attached to this advanced scientific pursuit by the then political leadership. Originally, space research was entrusted to a committee under the Department of Atomic Energy known as Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), set up in 1961 under the well-known scientist, Vikram Sarabhai. This was later followed by the setting up of the Indian Space Research Organisation in 1972. The Indian Space Commission was set up on the pattern of the Atomic Energy Commission, also under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister. These two commissions are the pillars of India’s advanced science and technology, enjoying considerable autonomy and being well-funded. It is these early, far-sighted decisions, followed by the efforts of India’s scientists and technology workers, that have resulted in the success of India’s latest space mission.

• After the Moon landing, what is stature of ISRO now?

• Chandrayaan-3 and geopolitical stature of India-Comment

• There will be other tangible benefits from the success of Chandrayaan-3-what kind of benefits?

• The Indian Space Research Organisation-Know about ISRO

• For Your Information-THE successful landing of Chandrayaan-3 on the Moon is one of the most defining moments in India’s history. It consolidates its position as a space power. India is one of the four countries to accomplish a soft landing on the lunar surface, and the first to do so near the Moon’s South Pole. Just like the implications of the nuclear tests, for instance, went far beyond nuclear or military affairs, the ramifications of Chandrayaan-3’s success are not restricted to matters of space. ISRO’s successful mission adds yet another dimension to India’s increasing global heft, across sectors. The fact that India made it in the second attempt does not take anything away from the achievement. On the contrary, it underlines the resilience, commitment and character of the space agency. There is not one major space-faring nation that has not encountered spectacular failure. But ISRO has shown tremendous tenacity to overcome setbacks, learn from failure and bounce back stronger, all in about four years. ONLY ABOUT 60 per cent of lunar probe missions have been successful in the past six decades. Several government agencies and private space companies have attempted to land on the Moon but before Chandrayaan-3’s success, its surface had been hostile to all missions after 1976, except three Chinese ventures. At most places, the Moon is an inhospitable and unwelcoming descent pad for a spacecraft. It has gravity about a sixth of Earth’s, its surface is covered by a layer of dust many metres thick and also jagged and abrasive like broken shards of glass. Craters and boulders make the landing even more perilous. Earlier crafts to the Moon landed in the equatorial region — the farthest that any vessel has gone from the Equator was NASA’s Surveyor 7, in 1968. This is for good reason. The terrain near the Equator is even and smooth and there are fewer hills and craters. The temperature, too, is comparatively hospitable. The Southern Hemisphere, where Chandrayaan-3 landed, has a rugged environment, and temperatures can go down to -200 degrees Celsius. It has craters ranging from a few centimetres to thousands of kilometres. High mountains block the sunlight and there are large tracts of permanently shadowed areas on the South Pole. It is also home to volatile elements and there are indications — including from India’s 2008 Chandrayaan-1 mission — that the Southern Hemisphere has substantial amounts of ice. The extremely cold temperatures mean that anything trapped in the region would remain frozen in time, without undergoing much change. Now the ISRO’s audacious venture can provide substantial insights into the history of the solar system and open up a new chapter in the world’s space odyssey. In June, India became a signatory to the Artemis Accords that lay out the framework of a new era of space exploration. One of the goals is increasing forays to the lunar surface. Chandrayaan-3 could lead the way for future Artemis explorations.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍India’s successful mission not India’s alone, belongs to all of humanity: PM

📍After the celebration: How Moonshot clears the way for the big and the bold

📍Testament to Team ISRO: guiding ‘solitary journey through vastness of space’

📍Next mission to Moon is with Japanese, more of Chandrayaan

📍ASKING FOR MOON— AND GETTING IT

📍In a higher orbit

📍After Chandrayaan-3’s landing, the experiments: lunar quakes and water-ice on Moon

Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:
📍India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space missions, both in terms of technology and logistics? Explain critically (UPSC GS3, 2017)
📍Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development? (UPSC GS3, 2016)

EXPRESS NETWORK

PM: India backs BRICS expansion

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance

Mains Examination: General Studies II:  Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story-At the opening plenary session of the 15th BRICS summit in Johannesburg, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Wednesday backed the expansion of the five-nation grouping and stated that India has given highest priority to countries of Global South under its G20 presidency. “India fully supports the expansion of BRICS and welcomes move to move forward on this based on consensus,” PM Modi said during the open plenary session of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) summit.

• BRICS-Know in detail

• Evolution of BRICS-Know in Detail

• BRICS and its expansion-what is current status?

• What is the Fortaleza Declaration?

• Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) Economy-Key Features

• RIC (Russia-India-China) out of BRICS-Significance and Stature in World Politics?

• Why BRICS Matters?

• Is the BRICS alliance no longer relevant and effective?

• Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) Economy-Key Features

• RIC (Russia-India-China) out of BRICS-Significance and Stature in World Politics?

• Why BRICS Matters?

• Is the BRICS alliance no longer relevant and effective?

• Do you agree that there is perhaps no other grouping in which the gap between aspiration and reality is as wide as in the BRICS?

• “The BRICS was always going to be a challenging grouping, since there was nothing organic to hold it together”-Comment

• “The expansion of BRICS is expected to be high on the agenda”-what kind of expansion and which countries can be included in the same?

• Do you think that the BRICS can emerge as an alternative economic and geopolitical pillar to the US and its allies?

• BRICS as “Voice’ of the Global South-Discuss

• What do you understand by the term “Global South”?

• What is Voice of Global South Summit?

• What is considered the Global South?

• Which countries are in Global South?

• The term ‘Global South’ is more related to geography or to the economies of the countries?

• What is the Global South known for?

• What are the differences between global north and global south?

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍BRICS might have been

Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme:
📍Consider the following statements: (UPSC GS1, 2016)
1. New Development Bank has been set up by APEC.
2. The headquarters of New Development Bank is in Shanghai.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Indigenous ASTRA missile tested from Tejas

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance and General Science

Mains Examination: General Studies III: Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story-LIGHT COMBAT Aircraft (LCA) Tejas Wednesday successfully fired the ASTRA indigenous Beyond Visual Range (BVR) air-to-air missile off the coast of Goa, a day after IAF Chief Air Chief Marshal V R Chaudhari reviewed the status of the LCA programme in Air Headquarters. A defence ministry statement said the missile release was successfully carried out from the aircraft at an altitude of about 20,000 ft. “All the objectives of the test were met and it was a perfect text book launch,” the statement said.

• What type of missile is Astra?

• What are the variants of Astra Missile?

• What are the Key Highlights of the Astra Missile?

• The Astra missile has been designed and developed by whom?

• For Your Information-ASTRA is a state-of-the-art BVR air-to-air missile to engage and destroy highly maneuvering supersonic aerial targets. It is designed and developed by Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), Research Centre Imarat (RCI) and other laboratories of DRDO. The test launch was monitored by the Test Director and scientists of Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) along with officials from Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CEMILAC) and Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance (DG-AQA), the statement said, adding that the aircraft was also monitored by a Chase Tejas twin-seater aircraft.

• What is the strategic significance of Astra Missile?

• What do you understand by Beyond-visual-range missile air-to-air missile (BVAAM?)

• What are the Classifications of Air-to-Air Missile (AAM)?

• What is LCA Tejas?

• What is Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)?

• Do You Know-The Tejas aircraft is unique for its aerodynamically unstable tailless compound delta-wing configuration, optimised primarily for maneuverability and agility. In simple terms, this means it can be maneuvered in any direction regardless of pure aerodynamic principles. It is designed to meet the tactical requirements of a modern air force and is a multi-role aircraft capable of comprehensive air superiority and air defence roles.

 

(Picture: tejas.gov.in)It has the fly-by-wire system, which means that the manual flight control has been replaced by an electronic interface which automatically maneuvers the flight, helping it stabilise, when needed. Signals sent by the aircraft computers are translated into actions by the aircraft itself, without the input of a pilot. The material that Tejas is made of is chosen such that the aircraft can be of the lightest weight possible and yet strong at the same time. 45% of its airframe, including in the fuselage (doors and skins), wings (skin, spars and ribs), elevons, tailfin, rudder, air brakes and landing gear doors is made of CFC materials. These materials also call for fewer joints or rivets, increasing the aircraft’s reliability and lowering its susceptibility to structural cracks which may be caused by fatigue. The Tejas is also distinctive with its Glass Cockpit, which refers to a modern cockpit in which all the round dialled electro-mechanical instruments have been replaced with Multi-Function Displays (MFDs) and a Head Up Display (HUD). A glass cockpit uses several displays driven by flight management systems, which can be adjusted to display flight information as needed. This helps in simplifying aircraft operation and navigation, thus allowing pilots to focus only on the most necessary information. In terms of the weapons that it can carry, Tejas is designed to host a veritable plethora of air to air, air to surface, precision guided and standoff weaponry. In the air to air arena, the Tejas carries long range beyond visual range weapons.A wide variety of air to ground munitions and an extremely accurate navigation and attack system allow it to prosecute surface targets over land or at sea with unparalleled accuracy, giving the Tejas true multi/swing role capability.

– The following specific aerodynamic features contribute to the aircraft’s excellent performance in a wider flight envelope:
– Highly optimised wing, with appropriate variation of thickness, camber and twist along the span.
– Cross-sectional area distribution along the length, adjusted for good high speed characteristics
– Leading Edge slats, scheduled for favourable aerodynamic behaviour
– Wing-shielded bifurcated air intake duct, with diverters, suitably matched with engine to avoid buzz and to minimise distortion throughout the flight envelope. Its maximum speed is supersonic at all altitudes and it has service ceiling of 50,000 feet.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Astra Mark-1 air-to-air missile: features, strategic importance

📍This is what makes India’s Tejas aircraft unique

Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme:

📍With reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC GS1, 2014)
1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.
2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

THE EDITORIAL PAGE

A WORKER BY ANOTHER NAME

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc.

Mains Examination: General Studies II: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story- Biju Mathew Writes: The Rajasthan Gig and Platform Workers (registration and welfare) Act is a landmark legislation. Rideshare cab services like Ola and Uber first arrived in India in 2010-11. Food delivery services, like Swiggy, came soon after, and multiservice platforms like Urban Company are now close to a decade old. These services, benefiting from the labour of lakhs of workers, have by now spread to over 250 Indian cities, and countless other kasba towns.

• What are the key features of the Rajasthan platform based gig workers registration and welfare bill 2023?

• Who are Gig Workers?

• What is the gig law in Rajasthan?

• Who gave the concept of gig economy?

• What are the key points of the gig economy?

• What is Gig Economy?

• NITI Aayog’s report ‘India’s Booming Gig and Platform Economy’-Key highlights

• What were some of NITI Aayog’s observations?

• What do you understand by ‘female labour force participation’?

• What are NITI Aayog’s recommendations for the gig economy?

• NITI Aayog’s recommendations-Know its significance

• Workforce engaged in the gig economy in India-Know in detail

• Gig Workers in India-Issues and Challenges

• Labour Laws and Reforms in Labour laws in India

• National Commission on Labour’s recommendations and its implementation

• Supreme Court of India on gig Workers

• Unorganised Workers and Gig Workers-Key Differences?

• Code on Wages, 2019-Key Provisions

• Industrial Relations Code, 2020-Key Features

• Code on Social Security, 2020-Key Features

• Code on Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions, 2020-Key Features

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Why social security benefits for gig workers must be expedited

📍High demand, work control pulled in gig workers; now focus turns to rights

Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:
📍Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. ( UPSC GS1, 2021)

EXPLAINED

ISRO arc to future: Aryabhata to Chandrayaan-3 and beyond

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance and General Science

Mains Examination: General Studies III: Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story- The Chandrayaan-3 lander made a successful soft landing on the surface of the Moon a little after 6 pm on Wednesday, making India the first country to reach close to the lunar south pole. India has also become the fourth nation in history to land on the lunar surface, after the United States, the erstwhile Soviet Union, and China. As the nation celebrates the biggest breakthrough of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), here is a look at the previous notable milestones of the space agency through three of its major programmes: satellites, launch vehicles, and planetary exploration.

• ISRO’s satellite programmes-Know ISRO’s past satellite programmes

• From Past to Present Programmes-The launch of the Aryabhata satellite on April 19, 1975, marked India’s entry into the space era. Built to conduct experiments in X-ray astronomy, aeronomics, and solar physics, the 360 kg spacecraft was entirely designed and fabricated by ISRO. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi named it after the legendary fifth-century mathematician and astronomer, choosing Aryabhata ahead of ‘Mitra’, to signify the friendship between the Soviet Union and India, and ‘Jawahar’.
The satellite took off from the Kapustin Yar launch base in the Soviet Union on the country’s Kosmas 3M rocket. India didn’t have its own launch vehicle at the time, and the Soviets had in 1971 offered to assist in launching India’s first satellite and later agreed to do so free of cost. The satellite worked well for about five days in space but then lost power, resulting in a loss of communication.
“Aryabhata became the forerunner of our space programme and provided us confidence to build state-of-the-art application satellites for communication, remote sensing of natural resources and meteorological investigations,” U R Rao, who led the development of ISRO’s satellite programme, wrote in ‘From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India’s Space Journey’, a book written by former ISRO scientists.
Soon after Aryabhata, two experimental remote-sensing satellites went into Space: Bhaskar-1 in 1979 and Bhaskar-2 in 1981. These spacecraft laid the foundations for the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellite system — a series of Earth Observation spacecraft built by ISRO.
It was kickstarted with the launch of the IRS-1A into a polar sun-synchronous orbit (spacecraft here are synchronised to always be in the same ‘fixed’ position relative to the Sun) from the Baikonur Cosmodrome launch pad in Kazakhstan on March 17, 1988.
IRS-1A carried two cameras, LISS-I and LISS-II, which made it the first Indian spacecraft to provide imagery for various land-based applications, such as agriculture, forestry, geology, and disaster management. In the following decades, a number of IRS satellites were launched and today, India has one of the largest constellations of remote sensing satellites in operation. Also in 1981, another Indian spacecraft was launched — an experimental communication satellite called Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment (APPLE), which helped inspire the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT), a series of multipurpose geostationary satellites that aimed to meet the telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology, and search and rescue needs of India. Since then, numerous INSAT satellites have arrived in space. The launch of KALPANA-1 in 2002 marked a milestone — it was the first in the series of exclusive meteorological satellites built by ISRO.
More recently, a notable satellite mission has been the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) or NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation). It began with the launch of India’s first dedicated navigation satellite IRNSS-1A on July 1, 2013, and currently consists of seven such spacecraft. They are used in terrestrial, aerial, and marine transportation, location-based services, personal mobility, resource monitoring, surveying, scientific research, etc.

• What are the Launch vehicle programmes?

• How is the launching system organised?

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍The making of Chandrayaan-3: collaborative effort under the ‘ISRO culture’

ECONOMY

G20 Jaipur meet: India to seek revival of WTO dispute resolution mechanism

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Main Examination: General Studies II: Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate.

Key Points to Ponder:

• What’s the ongoing story- India is seeking re-establishment of the dysfunctional dispute resolution mechanism under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) based on the principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibility’ along with a push towards consensus-based decision making as it sets the stage to discuss trade and investment issues during the two-day G20 Trade and Investment Ministerial Meeting beginning Thursday in Jaipur.

• Why “Jaipur Call for Action”?

• What is WTO dispute settlement system?

• Which panel helps the dispute settlement body of WTO?

• The current dispute settlement system was created as part of the WTO Agreement during the Uruguay Round-True or False?

• What are the functions, objectives and key features of the dispute settlement system?

• What is the problem with the WTO Appellate Body?

• How has the shortage of members impacted the working of the Appellate Body?

• What common but differentiated responsibility (CBDR) in WTO’s context?

• For Your Information-Under the WTO, countries can appeal in the appellate body to adjudicate disputes. The appellate body at the WTO stopped functioning from December 2019, but the panels are still working. Several countries including the US have been pushing for reforms in the WTO.
The discussions in the trade group meetings have focused on some of the world’s major challenges, complex issues to find concerted action-oriented solutions, he said. “We have been able to come up with significant consensus amongst the member countries invoking a Jaipur call for action. The Jaipur call for action will help promote industry, MSME sector, upgrade the global trade help desk, and bridge information gaps for MSMEs to help them expand their business and trade,” Goyal said, adding that the members have deliberated on formulating high-level principles for digitalisation of trade and trade facilitation. There were five priorities before the Trade and Investment Working Group — trade for growth and prosperity, trade and resilient global value chains, integrating MSMEs in global trade, logistics for trade and WTO reforms

• World Trade Organization (WTO)-Historical Background and Present Status

• When was World Trade Organisation started?

• How many countries are members of World Trade Organisation?

• What are the other international trade organizations?

• Who are the developing countries in the WTO?

• What are the advantages of “developing country” status?

• China’s status as a ‘developing country’ at the World Trade Organization (WTO)

• What is Special and Differential Treatment’ (S&DT) provisions?

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍 UNDERSTANDING THE WTO: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

📍 The World Trade Organisation: Developing countries availing special and differential treatment

📍Explained: The WTO’s dispute settlements mechanism is all but dead. This is why India should worry

For any queries and feedback, contact priya.shukla@indianexpress.com
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