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Are You Prelims Ready? The UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination 2025 is scheduled for May 25. In a paper where every mark counts, staying updated on economic trends turns guesswork into precision. Here’s a must-check list of key economy topics for your final day revision notes.
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a. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)
— The Union Cabinet has approved the Rs 2,817-crore Digital Agriculture Mission, which will create Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in the farm sector.
— The Digital Agriculture Mission envisions three primary DPI components: AgriStack, the Krishi Decision Support System (DSS), and soil profile maps. Each of these DPI components will give solutions to help farmers access and use a variety of services.
— The program also seeks to establish a technology-based ecosystem, the Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES), to give accurate agricultural production estimates.
AgriStack
— The farmer-centric DPI AgriStack is made up of three core agri-sector registries or databases: Farmers’ Registry, Geo-referenced Village Maps, and Crop Sown Registry, all of which will be developed and managed by state/UT governments.
— Farmers will be assigned a digital identification (‘Farmer ID’), similar to Aadhaar, that will be dynamically connected to records of land, animal ownership, crops sown, demographic details, family details, schemes and benefits received, and so on.
— The Crop Sown Registry will offer information about crops grown by farmers. In each crop season, the data will be collected via Digital Crop Surveys, which are mobile-based ground surveys.
— The maps will connect geographic information from land records to their actual locations.
Krishi DSS
— The Krishi Decision Support System will develop a complete geospatial system that will integrate remote sensing-based information on crops, soil, weather, and water resources, among other things.
— This data will be used to generate crop maps for identifying crop planted patterns, monitor droughts and floods, and analyse yields using technology or models to settle crop insurance claims for farmers.
Soil Profile Maps
— Under the Mission, comprehensive Soil Profile Maps (on a 1:10,000 scale) of about 142 million hectares of agricultural land are expected to be generated. According to reports, a full soil profile inventory covering around 29 million acres has already been completed.
b. Agrivoltaic farming
— Agrivoltaic farming is the process of producing crops under solar panels. This permits enough light and moisture to reach the crops while still enabling access to farm machinery.
— According to a number of recent studies, some crops thrive when planted in such conditions, while others do not.
— Doubling up on land use in this way might help feed the world’s rising population while also producing renewable energy.
— Agrivoltaic farming could solve both of these concerns. It grows crops in the shadowed region beneath the solar panels. This boosts land-use efficiency by allowing solar farms and agriculture to coexist rather than compete.
— India is currently being emphasised for its high potential and vast opportunity in the agri-voltaic sector and India does not have agri-voltaic farming on a large scale.
(www.weforum.org)
c. Nano fertilisers
— The use of Nano DAP has more than doubled this year, indicating its potential as an alternative solution for farmers.
— Traditional agricultural practices call for one or one-and-a-half bags of DAP, which comes in the form of granular, per acre of crop. In comparison, Nano DAP in liquid form requires only one 500 mL bottle per acre, resulting in significant economic savings and environmental benefits.
— Nano fertilisers are taken by plants with 90-95% efficiency, as opposed to standard approaches that result in nutrient loss of up to 60%. This high absorption rate not only decreases environmental pollutants, but it also maintains soil health.
— According to experts, nano fertilisers are indigenous and cost-effective, requiring no subsidies, as opposed to imported DAP, which imposes a significant financial burden on the country. The utilisation is consistent with India’s goals of minimising reliance on imports and encouraging sustainable farming techniques.
d. India’s coffee exports
— India is making substantial gains into the global coffee export industry, with total shipments exceeding $1 billion for the first time in the current fiscal year through November, according to data from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE).
— India’s coffee exports reached a record high of $1,146.9 million between April and November in FY24, up from $803.8 million in the same period prior year, representing a 29% increase. This figure is nearly double that of the same period in FY21, when exports were $460 million.
— Global Robusta prices have risen to multi-decade highs as a result of supply concerns in key coffee-producing countries such as Vietnam and Brazil.
— Notably, Brazil is the world’s largest coffee grower, accounting for over 40% of worldwide production, and Vietnam, the second-largest producer, has also revealed decreased production projections.
— According to Coffee Board data, Karnataka’s Chikkamagaluru, Kodagu, and Hassan would produce the most Arabica and Robusta coffee in 2022-23, with 2,48,020 MTs. Kerala ranks second at 72,425 MTs, followed by Tamil Nadu at 18,700 MTs.
( Have a quick look on Coffee Board)
e. Wheat
— It is India’s second most important staple food after rice, consumed by 65% of the population, and its consumption is expected to rise further as food patterns change.
— It is primarily grown in the Central and Peninsular regions of India.
— It is cultivated in the Northern Hill Zone (NHZ), North Western Plains Zone (NWPZ), North Eastern Plains Zone (NEPZ), Central Zone (CZ), Peninsular Zone (PZ), and Southern Hills Zone (SHZ).
— Wheat should be sown when the average daily temperature is 23±3°C; for optimal tillering, the temperature should be 16-20°C.
— Yellow Rust disease causes yellow streaks of powder or dust to form on wheat leaves and leaf sheaths. When handled, this yellow powder stains clothing or fingers. Under favourable conditions, the disease spreads quickly and has an impact on crop development and, ultimately, production.
(agriculture.vikaspedia.in)
f. Cotton
— Cotton has a roughly two-thirds share in India’s total textile fibre consumption.
— Ten major cotton-growing states in India are divided into three zones: north, centre, and south. Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab comprise the North Zone. Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh are all in the central zone. The South Zone comprises the states of Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
— Cotton crops are particularly susceptible to pests and illnesses. The pink bollworm (PBW) is a monophagous pest that primarily consumes cotton. The Bt poisons were originally intended to guard against both Helicoverpa and PBW caterpillars, which burrow into the cotton plant’s bolls or fruits and produce lint and seeds.
— Cotton, a semi-xerophyte, is grown in tropical and subtropical climates. A minimum temperature of 15 degrees Celsius is essential for optimal germination in the field. The optimum temperature for vegetative growth is 21-27 degrees Celsius, and it can handle temperatures up to 43 degrees Celsius; however, temperatures below 21 degrees Celsius are damaging to the crop.
g. Kodo millet
— Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) is also known as Kodra and Varagu in India.
— The crop is grown in India, Pakistan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, and West Africa.
— The millet is believed to have originated in India and Madhya Pradesh is one of the largest producers of the crop, according to a 2020 research paper, ‘Nutritional, Functional Role of Kodo Millet and its Processing: A review’.
— Kodo millet is most commonly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, but it is also extensively dispersed in dry and semi-arid regions. Apart from MP, millet is grown in Gujarat, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, and parts of Tamil Nadu.
— Kodo millet is a staple diet for many tribal and economically disadvantaged communities in India. It is one of the “hardiest crops, drought tolerant with high yield potential and excellent storage properties,” according to researchers.
— Kodo millet is high in vitamins and minerals. Researchers further claim that the millets are gluten-free, easily digestible, high in antioxidants, and “might have anti-carcinogenic properties.”
h. Direct seeding of rice
— The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) was first established in Madagascar in the 1980s, and it has subsequently been used by several countries throughout the world, including India.
— Direct seeding of rice (DSR) involves sowing paddy straight in the field, without any nursery preparation, puddling or flooding. It uses less water per irrigation. DSR replaces water with chemical herbicides.
— During transplanting, the wet fields essentially deny oxygen to the weed seeds in the soil, inhibiting their germination. Water, thus, functions as a natural herbicide.
— DSR is more effective against weeds and requires less water than transplanting.
i. Silvopasture
— Silvopasture is a practice that integrates trees, fodder, and livestock in the same area.
— Silvopasture systems provide an effective remedy to deforestation trends. It has the potential to significantly reverse the bad trend of deforestation for pasture land.
— The trees on silvopasture grounds operate as natural carbon sinks, sequestering five to ten times more carbon than pastures without trees, while maintaining or increasing productivity.
— Silvopasture systems also regulate local climatic conditions, buffering against temperature and wind extremes and creating a comfortable living environment for animals.
(www.downtoearth.org.in)
j. Bajra and Ragi
— The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has acknowledged the significance of millets and designated them as “Nutri-Cereals” for production, consumption, and trade purposes. These millets include Sorghum (Jowar), Pearl Millet (Bajra), Finger Millet (Ragi/Mandua), and Minor Millets, such as Foxtail Millet (Kanngani/kakun), Proso Millet (Cheena), Kodo Millet (Kodo), Barnyard Millet (Sawa/Sanwa/Jhangora), Little Millet (Kutki), Brown Top Millet, and two pseudo-millets, Buck-wheat (Kuttu), and Amaranth (Chaulai).
Bajra
— It is commonly referred to as “pearl millet”.
— Rajasthan is the leading producing state, followed by Maharashtra, Haryana, Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh.
— It grows best in black cotton soil or sandy loam soil with good drainage.
Ragi
— It is grown mostly in southern India (mostly in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) on soils ranging from rich loam to poor shallow upland soils.
— It thrives in southern India’s marginal soil conditions, which include lateritic and red sandy loams.
(Vikaspedia.in)
k. Application of Drones for Farmers
— The Namo Drone Didi plan seeks to give drones to 15,000 selected women SHGs between 2023-24 and 2025-2026 for farmer rental services.
— Pesticide application is labour-intensive. A labourer can take several hours to cover an acre of land, but drones can do so in just 5-7 minutes. This is especially critical in tall crops such as maize and sugarcane, where workers are frequently drenched with herbicides during application.
— Close and extended exposure to pesticides and chemical fertilisers can be extremely damaging to farmers’ health.
— Manual spraying frequently leaves portions of the crop untreated. This negatively affects yields. In contrast, drone-based applications are more efficient.
— Furthermore, drones handle the difficulty of applying nano fertilisers such as nano urea and nano DAP, which must be utilised in extremely small quantities.
— Drones can also be used for capturing detailed, real-time images of the fields, allowing farmers to monitor crop health and make prompt interventions if needed.
— Drones can quickly cover large areas of land with pesticides, not only in cases of pink bollworm infestation, but also during locust swarms and whitefly infestation.
— Plants absorb up to 90% of the nutrients in micro fertilisers delivered via drone, decreasing runoff and air, water, and soil pollution. In contrast, typical application methods might result in up to 60% of nutrients being lost to the atmosphere.
— Traditional pesticide application methods require a lot of water. Drones can reduce water consumption by up to 90 percent.
— Drones are also being considered for novel projects such as “seed ball” bombardment, which involves dropping balls of soil and cow dung containing seeds over large areas of land.
— The National Mission on Edible Oils and Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds) has been authorised by the Centre, with a budget of ‘10,103 crore.
— This effort aims to increase domestic oilseed production and achieve self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) in edible oils. The Mission will be implemented over seven years, from 2024-25 to 2030-31.
— The newly approved NMEO-Oilseeds will concentrate on increasing production of key primary oilseed crops such as rapeseed-mustard, groundnut, soybean, sunflower, and sesamum, as well as improving collection and extraction efficiency from secondary sources such as cottonseed, rice bran, and tree-borne oils.
— It will be accomplished by encouraging the use of high-yielding, high-oil-content seed varieties, expanding production into rice fallow regions, and promoting intercropping.
— The Mission will capitalise on the development of high-quality seeds by utilising cutting-edge global technologies such as genome editing.
— To ensure the timely availability of quality seeds, the Mission will implement an online 5-year rolling seed plan via the ‘Seed Authentication, Traceability & Holistic Inventory (SATHI)’ Portal, allowing states to form advance alliances with seed-producing agencies such as cooperatives, Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs), and government or private seed corporations.
(pib.gov.in)
— India, the world’s third-largest crude oil consumer, relies on imports to cover more than 85% of its demand.
— Russia was a negligible supplier to India prior to the war in Ukraine; it is now India’s largest crude supplier, thanks to Moscow’s willingness to offer considerable discounts to compensate for the West’s rejection of its oil. Tanker data show that Russian oil accounted for over 38% of India’s total oil imports in 2024.
— The Indian economy’s heavy reliance on imported crude oil makes it vulnerable to global oil price volatility, which has an impact on the country’s trade deficit, foreign exchange reserves, rupee exchange rate, and inflation.
— A downward pressure on international oil prices, and consequently on India’s oil import bill, is a positive for the country due to its extremely high dependence on oil imports. Greater imports result in a greater trade deficit.
— Outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) by local firms has increased by about 17% to $37.68 billion in 2024, indicating that Indian corporations want to expand their global footprints.
— According to figures from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), total overseas direct investment in 2023 was $32.29 billion.
— OFDI consists of three components: equity, loans, and guarantees issued. Overseas FDI by local enterprises in the form of equity totalled $12.69 billion last year, up 40% from $9.08 billion in 2023.
— Hotels, construction, manufacturing, agriculture, mining, and services are among the areas in which Indian corporations venture overseas. Singapore, the United States, the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Oman, and Malaysia are among the countries that have received entire financial commitments through OFDI.
— FTAs are agreements between two or more nations or trading blocs to decrease or remove customs tariffs and non-tariff barriers to considerable trade between them.
— FTAs typically address trade in goods (such as agricultural or industrial items) or services (such as banking, building, and trading).
— FTAs can also address other issues such as intellectual property rights (IPRs), investment, government procurement, and competition policy.
(commerce.gov.in)
— The GDP is essentially the monetary measure of all the goods and services produced within India’s borders in a year. It provides the size of the Indian economy.
— The real GDP measures the amount to which India produces more goods and services by subtracting the prices at which they are priced.
— There are two main measures of GDP: Nominal GDP and Real GDP.
— Nominal GDP: It refers to the value of goods and services evaluated at current market prices without factoring in inflation or deflation. It is also called the Current GDP.
— Real GDP: An inflation-adjusted measure that reflects both the value and quantity of goods and services produced by an economy in a given year.
— GDP is calculated by totalling all money spent in the economy. To understand this, consider the four major categories into which all expenditure is divided; these may be viewed as the four engines of GDP development in the economy.
a. Spending by individuals: This is known as Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE). It accounts for over 60% of India’s GDP.
b. Government spending to cover daily expenses, such as salaries: This is the government’s final consumption expenditure (GFCE). It is the smallest engine, accounting for approximately 10% of GDP.
c. Spending to increase the economy’s productive capacity (also known as investments in this context): this could include governments building roads, businesses establishing factories, or purchasing computers for their offices, among other things. This is known as Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), and it is the second-largest driver of growth, accounting for approximately 30% of GDP.
d. Net exports or net spending as a result of Indians spending on imports and foreigners spending on Indian exports: Because India normally imports more than it exports, this engine reduces India’s overall GDP and is shown by a minus sign.
— The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) has issued the World Intellectual Property Indicators (WIPI) 2024, which highlights global trends in intellectual property (IP) filings.
— India has secured a place in the global top ten for all three key intellectual property (IP) rights: patents, trademarks, and industrial designs.
— In 2023, India experienced the largest growth in patent applications (+15.7%) among the top 20 origins, marking the fifth consecutive year of double-digit growth.
— India ranks fourth in the world in terms of trademark filings, with a 6.1% growth expected in 2023.
(pib.gov.in)
— Higher crude oil prices and persistent outflows by foreign investors weighed on the native currency.
— The strong dollar, rising crude oil prices, and selling by foreign investors in the equity market are the main factors for the rupee’s depreciation.
— The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) released a fact sheet for the latest round of the Household Consumption Expenditure Survey 2023-24, which showed rural spending growing at a faster rate than urban areas, narrowing the gap between the two and possibly signalling a reduction in consumption by urban households.
— Western, northern, and southern states such as Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Kerala, Karnataka, Haryana, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh outperformed the national average in terms of per capita monthly consumption spending, while eastern and central Indian states such as West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh spent less.
— Rural average monthly consumer spending per person climbed to Rs 4,122 in 2023-24, up 9.3% from Rs 3,773 in 2022-23. It amounted to Rs 1,430 in 2011-12. This growth in rural spending over a year was greater than the urban average monthly consumer expenditure per person of Rs 6,996, which climbed by 8.3 percent from Rs 6,459 in 2022–23.
— The difference in average monthly consumer spending between rural and urban households shrank to 69.7 percent in 2023-24, down from 71.2 percent in 2022-23 and 83.9 percent 11 years ago in 2011-12.
— The unincorporated non-agricultural sector added around 84 lakh establishments and 1.1 crore jobs, according to the results of the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE).
— The unincorporated non-agricultural sector, which includes non-corporate entities, had a 13% increase in nominal wages for workers in 2023-24, in contrast to the corporate sector’s slower wage growth.
— Wage growth of 13% in nominal terms in the unincorporated sector was higher than the (-)1.1% observed in 2022-23. The real rate of wage increase, adjusted for inflation, would be less than 13%, given that retail inflation averaged 4.9 percent between October 2023 and September 2024.
— The number of workers in the unincorporated sector was registered at 12.06 crore in 2023-24, a 10% increase over the previous year, with other services experiencing the fastest development. The number of enterprises in other services increased by 23.6%, followed by a 13% increase in manufacturing.
— According to the ASUSE, gross value added (GVA) growth in the country’s unorganised firms increased by 16.5% in 2023-24, compared to 16.1% the previous year.
— The government is considering abandoning the sovereign gold bond scheme due to the high cost of funding. The recent announcement to reduce import duties on gold in Budget 2024-25 is already in accordance with that goal and has contributed to increased demand for gold.
— The Indian government covers its fiscal deficit through a variety of instruments, including dated securities, the National Small Savings Fund (NSSF), provident funds, and sovereign gold bonds (SGBs).
— SGBs are debt securities issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on behalf of the government, with each unit representing one gramme of gold.
— These bonds allow for secondary market trading, and the interest rate on SGBs is fixed at 2.5 per cent per annum based on the initial investment.
— SME-listed entities are often promoter-driven or family-owned businesses with a concentrated shareholding among a small number of promoters or promoter group individuals or entities.
— SEBI has highlighted that as the number of SME issues has expanded, so has investor involvement in these offerings. The applicant-to-allotted investor ratio rose from four times in FY2022 to 46 times in FY2023 and 245 times in FY2024.
— The Government of India has prioritized promoting startups in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities to decentralize innovation hubs.
— Not all startups in Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities are eligible for tax exemptions under the Startup India initiative.
— The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) is in charge of recognising businesses under the Startup India initiative.
— Female labour force participation rate (LFPR) increased in almost all Indian states from 2017-18 to 2022-23, with rural areas outperforming urban areas, according to a recent working paper produced by the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM).
— According to the paper, states such as Bihar, Punjab, and Haryana have consistently reported very low levels of female LFPR. This inter-state variation in female LFPR is significant given that Haryana and Punjab are among India’s richest states, while Bihar is the poorest.
— According to the report, married males have consistently greater LFPR across states and age groups, whereas marriage dramatically lowers female LFPR, particularly in metropolitan areas. In terms of age, female LFPR follows a bell-shaped curve, peaking at 30-40 years old and then rapidly falling. The male LFPR, on the other hand, remains high (almost 100 percent) from ages 30 to 50, then gradually declines, according to the report.
— The FLFPR in India is below the global average as per recent surveys.
Note: Labour Force Participation Rates (LFPR) is the percentage of the population aged 15 years and above that is working or seeking/willing to work for a relatively long part of a particular year.
— India has contributed nearly $2 billion to the BRICS New Development Bank (NDB), and 20 externally aided projects, totalling $4,867 million in loans, are currently underway in the country.
— India’s contribution to the BRICS New Development Bank (NDB) is $2 billion, paid in seven installments from fiscal year 2015-16 to 2021-22. In India, 20 externally financed projects totalling $4.867 million in loan funding from the NDB are under underway.
— The New Development Bank (NDB) is a multilateral development bank founded by Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) to raise funds for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in rising markets and developing countries.
— NDB has an initial authorised capital of USD 100 billion, which is divided into one million shares with a par value of $100,000 each.
— The Bank’s membership is open to United Nations members.
(www.ndb.int)
— The Minimum Support Price (MSP) is a type of market intervention used by the Government of India to protect agricultural producers from significant falls in farm prices.
— The Government of India announces minimum support prices for specific crops at the start of the sowing season based on recommendations from the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).
— MSP is a price set by the Government of India to safeguard producers (farmers) against severe price drops during bumper output years. The minimum support prices are government-guaranteed prices for their produce.
— The Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) programme is the largest and oldest U.S. trade preference programme which was established by the Trade Act of 1974.
— GSP promotes economic development by eliminating duties on thousands of products when imported from one of 119 designated beneficiary countries and territories.
— In 2019, India lost duty-free access under the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) programme, of which it was the largest beneficiary.
— Consumer Price Indices (CPIs) track changes in the overall level of prices for goods and services purchased by households for consumption.
— CPI statistics are widely used as a macroeconomic indicator of inflation, as a tool for governments and central banks to manage inflation and monitor price stability, and as deflators in national accounts.
— CPI is often used to index employees’ dearness allowances in response to price increases. The CPI is consequently regarded as one of the most important economic indicators.
— Any person resident outside India with a business interest in India can open a Special Non-Resident Rupee Account (SNRR) with an authorised dealer to conduct legitimate rupee transactions under the provisions of the Act, rules, and regulations enacted thereunder.
— The opening of SNRR accounts by Pakistan and Bangladesh nationals, as well as entities incorporated in Pakistan and Bangladesh, requires prior Reserve Bank approval.
— SNRR Accounts are non-interest bearing.
— Permissible Transactions: Debits and credits that are specific/incidental to the account holder’s anticipated business activity.
— Tenure: Concurrent with the contract/duration of operation/business of the account holder, and no longer than seven years, unless approved by the Reserve Bank.
— The Reserve Bank has expanded the scope of priority sector lending to include start-ups funding up to Rs 50 crore, and loans to farmers for installation of solar plants and compressed biogas plants.
— Loans to individual farmers [including Self Help Groups (SHGs) or Joint Liability Groups (JLGs), i.e. groups of individual farmers, providing banks keep disaggregated data on such loans]. and farmer-owned enterprises engaged directly in agriculture and related activities such as dairy, fishing, animal husbandry, poultry, beekeeping, and sericulture. This will include:
(i) Crop loans include those for conventional and non-traditional plantations, horticulture, and related activities.
(ii) Medium and long-term loans for agriculture and allied activities (e.g., purchases of agricultural implements and machinery, as well as developmental loans for related businesses).
(iii) Loans for pre- and post-harvest tasks, such as spraying, harvesting, grading, and transporting their own farm produce.
(iv) Loans made to troubled farmers by non-institutional lenders.
(v) Loans using the Kisan Credit Card Scheme.
(vi) Small and marginal farmers receive loans to purchase agricultural land.
(vii) Loans can be secured against agricultural produce (including warehouse receipts) for up to 12 months, with a maximum of up to ₹75 lakh for NWRs/eNWRs and up to ₹50 lakh for non-NWR warehouse revenues.
(viii) Farmers can get loans to install stand-alone solar agriculture pumps or to solarise grid-connected agriculture pumps.
(ix) Loans to farmers for the installation of solar power plants on barren/fallow land or on their own agricultural land.
(www.rbi.org.in)
For Part 2 of the Economy revision checklist, click here.
Edited by Manas Srivastava
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