Athawale's political career began in the late 1970s when he became associated with the Dalit Panther movement, which sought to address caste-based discrimination and oppression in Indian society.

In 1990, Athawale founded the Republican Party of India (A), with the 'A' signifying 'Athawale.' The party positioned itself as a voice for the oppressed and disadvantaged sections of society, advocating for their empowerment and welfare.

Athawale's rise to prominence culminated in his appointment as Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment in the Indian government in 2016. He still holds the same portfolia in Modi-led NDA government.

The Rajya Sabha MP Athawale was re-elected in April 2022. He has also been a Lok Sabha MP from 2004 - 2009, 1999-2004 and 1998 - 99. In 1990 - 95, he held a key portfolio of Cabinet Minister, Social Welfare and Transport, Employment Guarantee Scheme and Prohibition Propaganda in Maharashtra state government.