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Important topics and their relevance in UPSC CSE exam for August 26, 2025. If you missed the August 25, 2025, UPSC CSE exam key from the Indian Express, read it here.
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: General Studies-II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests
What’s the ongoing story: India and Fiji may be oceans apart, but aspirations of both the nations sail in the same boat, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said on Monday, with his Fijian counterpart Sitiveni Ligamamada Rabuka by his side.
Key Points to Ponder:
— Know about the location of Fiji and surrounding countries
— Know about the background of Fiji-India relationship
— What is the significance of the Indo-Pacific region?
— What is the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)?
— Know about Fiji’s 1987 coup and how is it related to Sitiveni Ligamamada Rabuka?
— What are Pacific Island Countries (PICs)?
— What is the Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC)?
— Fiji is tipped to be an important strategic partner for India within the larger framework of the Indo-Pacific, more so in the wake of China’s growing footprint in the region. Why?
Key Takeaways:
— As the two leaders met in New Delhi on Monday, India and Fiji unveiled significant initiatives to bolster defence and maritime security cooperation, including the creation of a Defence Attache post at the High Commission of India in Suva, who will be covering the Pacific Islands as well.
— According to the Joint Statement issued by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) after the bilateral talks, “there is a growing momentum in bilateral ties aimed at promoting peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region”, including a planned port call by an Indian naval ship to Fiji this year.
— PM Modi also announced the gifting of two sea ambulances to Fijian Military Forces and the establishment of a Cyber Security Training Cell in Fiji, and expressed support to PM Rabuka’s ‘Ocean of Peace’ initiative.
— In his address, PM Rabuka welcomed India’s assurance to support the security of Fiji’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the planned naval port call, which will enhance maritime cooperation and interoperability.
— Fiji is tipped to be an important strategic partner for India within larger framework of the Indo-Pacific, more so in the wake of China’s growing footprint in the region. PM Rabuka has been opposing Beijing setting up a military base in the Pacific Islands.
— MEA Secretary (South) Neena Malhotra reiterated both nations’ focus on defence and security cooperation in the region.
— As part of the visit, New Delhi and Suva also exchanged nine agreements and MoUs, including one on the construction, commissioning, operation, and maintenance of a super-speciality hospital in Fiji; and an agreement on supply of medicines under the Jan Aushadhi scheme.
Do You Know:
— PICs is a cluster of 14 island nations dotting the Southwestern Pacific: the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, Niue, Samoa, the Solomon Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. All these islands are located at the crossroads of strategically important maritime trade corridors.
— The FIPIC: The Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) is a grouping of India and 14 island nations in the Southern Pacific Ocean, lying to the north and east of Australia.
— Of the 14 PICs, Fiji and Papua New Guinea (PNG) are the ones with the biggest populations and the most heft. India’s interaction with the PICs has traditionally focussed on its engagement with Fiji and PNG, mainly due to the presence of a large diaspora — about 37% of Fiji’s 849,000 population (2009 estimates) is of Indian origin, and about 3,000 Indians live in PNG.
— An initiative launched under the Act East Policy for the PICs is the Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC).
— Prime Minister Modi had hosted the First FIPIC Summit in Suva on November 19, 2014 during his historic visit to Fiji, with participation of all 14 PICs.
— EEZs is the distance up to which a coastal nation has jurisdiction over the ocean, including both living and non-living resources. It generally goes to 200 nautical miles or 230 miles (around 370 km) beyond a nation’s territorial sea.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍India & South Pacific: Key takeaways from PM Modi’s visit; China’s diplomatic presence
📍Fiji PM Sitiveni Rabuka’s complicated relationship with country’s Indian diaspora
Prelims Question Covering similar theme:
(1) Consider the following statements about FIPIC:
1. It is a grouping of India and 14 island nations in the Southern Pacific Ocean.
2. The 3rd FIPIC Summit was held in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.
Mains Examination: General Studies-II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
What’s the ongoing story: The Delhi High Court on Monday set aside a 2016 order by the Central Information Commission (CIC) that had directed Delhi University (DU) to disclose details of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s degree in response to an RTI application.
Key Points to Ponder:
— What is right to information?
— Know about the RTI act, 2005 in detail.
— What is the composition of the Central Information Commission (CIC)?
— What are the power and functions of CIC?
— What type of information may be obtained under the RTI Act?
— What are the public authorities exempt from providing information under RTI?
— Read about the Right to privacy.
Key Takeaways:
— Noting that there lies a “special relationship of trust and confidence” between a student and a university which is fiduciary in nature, the court held that information pertaining to an individual’s educational qualifications — including degrees and marks — falls within the ambit of “personal information” under provisions of the RTI Act.
— In a plea moved before the HC in 2017, DU had challenged the CIC order which had directed inspection of records of students who passed BA Programme from the varsity in 1978 — the year when Modi graduated from the university with a bachelor’s degree.
— The court underlined that “disclosure of academic details sans any overriding public interest, would amount to an intrusion into the personal sphere”, which is otherwise protected under right to privacy.
— Justice Sachin Datta, recording that the framework of the university’s statutes “does not permit the disclosure of marks/grades to any third party”, said “there is a legitimate expectation on the part of the students that confidentiality shall be maintained” with regard to their information.
— The court also relied on a Gujarat HC order of 2023 where it had similarly quashed and set aside an order of the CIC that had directed the varsity to “search for information” regarding PM Modi’s degrees at Gujarat University in 1983.
Do You Know:
— The RTI Act, seen as a significant development towards freedom of information, came into force in October 2005.
— The RTI Act gave ordinary citizens the right to request information from government bodies, making authorities accountable for their actions and decisions. As a result, RTI is seen as a tool for citizens’ empowerment, promoting democratic participation, and improving the transparency and accountability of public officials.
— The RTI Act, 2005, provided for a Central Information Commission and State Information Commissions to deal with appeals and complaints against public authorities.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Knowledge Nugget | Right to Information Act (RTI): What you must-know for UPSC Exam
📍Tracing the roots and impact of Right to Information Act
Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:
The Right to Information Act is not all about citizens’ empowerment alone, it essentially redefines the concept of accountability.” Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2018)
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: General Studies-III: Security challenges and their management in border areas – linkages of organized crime with terrorism
What’s the ongoing story: The Army has reviewed its deployment in Jammu and Kashmir following Operation Sindoor — a recent counter-infiltration exercise — and is upgrading its border defences along the Line of Control (LoC).
Key Points to Ponder:
— Know about the features of the Anti-Infiltration Obstacle System (AIOS)
— What are the challenges of cross-border infiltration?
— What are the mechanisms in place to curb cross-border infiltration, arms smuggling, and other illegal activities?
— How are drones being used in modern warfare?
— What are the challenges posed by this?
— How is modern warfare different from traditional warfare?
Key Takeaways:
— This includes strengthening the Anti-Infiltration Obstacle System (AIOS) — a mix of fencing, sensors, and patrol mechanisms along the LoC — with the enhanced use of drones, better surveillance, more patrols, and tighter control over interior areas.
— According to sources, the AIOS has now been reinforced with counter-drone systems and air defence guns designed to detect and shoot down small drones before they can cross into Indian territory. The AIOS itself runs close to the LoC and is meant to curb cross-border infiltration, arms smuggling, and other illegal activities.
— While the Army regularly upgrades the system with new technologies — such as the Border Surveillance System (BOSS) that integrates cameras and radars, laser fences that trigger alerts when disturbed, and short-range surveillance equipment — the latest measures come in the backdrop of Operation Sindoor.
— The Army is also procuring more surveillance drones for constant monitoring and “kamikaze drones” — unmanned systems designed to crash into and destroy targets — to detect and neutralise threats along the borders.
— Officials said there is also a tactical redeployment of troops, both along the LoC and in the hinterland, to reinforce areas considered more vulnerable to terror attacks in recent months.
Do You Know:
— Drone warfare has reshaped modern conflict, providing nations with a powerful tool to engage in precision strikes while minimising risk to their own forces. However, its rapid proliferation and accessibility to non-state actors have created new security challenges, raising questions about the ethical use of drones in warfare.
— The United States Army defines a drone as “a land, sea, or air vehicle that is remotely or automatically controlled”. While most people associate drones with tiny flying objects, the drone family includes marine drones and subterranean drones – basically, any vehicle or piloted machine without a human onboard.
— Drone warfare has fundamentally changed military engagement, allowing nations to conduct operations with fewer troops on the ground. This has been particularly important for counter-terrorism operations where drones are often used for targeted killings of high-value targets.
— Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) date back to World War II and the Korean War, where they were used for training anti-aircraft gunners and in specific offensive missions. Their modern military usage took off in the 1990s, after being successfully deployed in the Gulf War of 1991.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍The use of drones in international warfare over the years
📍Drone warfare came home during Op Sindoor. Where does India stand?
UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme:
(2) Consider the following activities: (2020)
1. Spraying pesticides on a crop field
2. Inspecting the craters of active volcanoes
3. Collecting breath samples from spouting whales for DNA analysis
At the present level of technology, which of the above activities can be successfully carried out by using drones?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:
📍Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management. (UPSC CSE 2016)
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.
Main Examination: General Studies-II, III: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation of resources, growth, development and employment.
What’s the ongoing story: Suman Billa writes- “The recent decision by the US to impose higher tariffs on select Indian exports, from steel pipes to chemical products, is a reminder of the vulnerabilities that accompany overdependence on any single set of global trade relationships…Among the sectors that can deliver transformative results is tourism, not just as a showcase of our heritage and soft power, but as an economic engine capable of generating growth, employment, and foreign exchange.”
Key Points to Ponder:
— What is the scope of tourism in India?
— What are the challenges related to tourism in India?
— What are tariffs? Why are tariffs imposed?
— What are India’s import and export trends with regard to the US?
— How does tourism contribute to economic development?
— What are the steps taken by the government to promote tourism in the country
— What can be the implications of the higher tariff imposed by the US on India?
— What strategies is India using to navigate potential trade negotiations with the U.S.?
Key Takeaways:
— “Tourism is among the most labour-intensive industries in the world, generating livelihoods across transport, hospitality, food services, handicrafts, wellness and entertainment. Few sectors can create employment on such a scale, spanning highly skilled professionals in urban centres to semi-skilled youth in rural communities.”
— “At present, tourism contributes around 5 per cent to India’s GDP, compared to the global average of 10 per cent.Countries like Spain and the UAE, where tourism accounts for about 12 per cent of GDP, illustrate the potential when the sector is treated as a national growth priority.”
— “In 2024, tourism generated $28 billion or Rs 2,45,000 crore in foreign exchange earnings for India. This is only a fraction of our potential. Improving the inbound share of tourism GDP will not only strengthen our external account but also provide a steady buffer against fluctuations in merchandise trade.”
— “If we can raise tourism’s GDP contribution from 5 per cent to 10 per cent over the next decade, the results would be transformative — an additional $516 billion to the economy each year, 40 million new jobs, and foreign exchange earnings rising to $130-140 billion. Achieving this will require addressing capacity constraints.”
— “Unlike goods exports, it is shaped primarily by perception, infrastructure, and facilitation — all of which can be directly enhanced. There are some strategic pathways for this growth.”
— “The Union Budget’s announcement on developing 50 destinations in partnership with states is an important step. A world-class destination in each state, blending infrastructure, sustainability, and brand, can shift India’s positioning from a “place to see” to a “place to experience.”
— “Two, simplifying e-visas, reducing immigration queues and delivering a seamless arrival experience are vital. With India’s airlines set to expand their fleet by 1,000 aircraft, improved connectivity can give a decisive boost to tourism. Three, the future lies in content-led promotion, influencer engagement and strategic digital storytelling. Millions of creators already showcase India to the world; the task now is to amplify this through AI-enabled curation and partnerships with global platforms.”
— “Four, it is important to unlock private investment. Expanding the tourism sector’s inclusion in the Harmonised Master List of Infrastructure can catalyse investments, including PPP projects like hotels, ropeways, wayside amenities, and convention centres.”
— “Five, the Dekho Apna Desh campaign can evolve into a national movement. Domestic tourism, accounting for 86 per cent of sector revenues, fosters cultural exchange, economic redistribution, and national integration. Making interstate travel more affordable and convenient will amplify these benefits.”
— “Tourism has one of the highest economic multipliers of any sector. Every rupee spent flows through transport, crafts, food services and community enterprises. When developed sustainably, tourism is also a green growth driver, creating livelihoods without large-scale environmental costs.”
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:
📍Tourism: Can this be the next big thing for India? ( UPSC CSE 2014)
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: General Studies-III: Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
What’s the ongoing story: Home Minister Amit Shah has accused the Opposition’s vice presidential election candidate Justice B Sudershan Reddy (retd) of supporting Naxalism by passing a judgment that ended the practice of appointing Special Police Officers to fight the Maoists in Chhattisgarh.
Key Points to Ponder:
— What do you understand by Maoist insurgency?
— What are the counter insurgency measures used by the state to curb Naxalism?
— Why was Salwa Judum disbanded? What was the judgment of the Supreme Court?
— What is the state of Naxalims in India today?
— What is Left-wing Extremism?
Key Takeaways:
— Justice Reddy, a retired judge of the Supreme Court, headed the Bench that in 2011 delivered the landmark ruling in Nandini Sundar v State of Chhattisgarh, which ended Salwa Judum, the practice of using tribal youth as Special Police Officers (SPOs) to counter the Maoist insurgency in Chhattisgarh.
— Shah said in Kerala on Friday that had Justice Reddy not delivered the Salwa Judum judgment, “the Naxal terrorism would have ended by 2020”.
— “A judgment is always open for critical analysis, but motives cannot be attached to a judge who has authored the judgment. The judge adjudicates the issue based on the Constitution and not his personal philosophy or political leaning,” Justice Govind Mathur, former Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court, told The Indian Express.
— In the first decade of the 2000s, more than 200 districts in several states were in the grip of the Maoist insurgency. Chhattisgarh was among the worst affected, and witnessed extreme violence.
— In response to the security challenge posed by the Naxals, the government of Chhattisgarh sponsored a vigilante movement known as Salwa Judum (‘peace march’ in Gondi), and mobilised local villagers into armed groups of SPOs, also known as Koya Commandos.
— These groups largely comprised tribal youth of the particular areas in which they were active, some of whom were as young as 18 years old, and often had limited education.
— The SPOs were appointed under the Chhattisgarh Police Act, 2007. Unlike the Indian Police Act, 1861, under which the approval of a magistrate is required for the appointment of SPOs, the Chhattisgarh Act gave the superintendent of police wide discretionary powers.
— The SPOs were given firearms for self defence, and were deployed to assist as guides, translators, informants, and spotters. They were paid an honorarium of Rs 3,000 per month, and helped to increase manpower on the side of the state in areas where regular forces found it difficult to operate.
— In 2007, sociologist Nandini Sundar, historian Ramachandra Guha, and former IAS officer EAS Sarma filed a petition before the Supreme Court challenging the practice of Salwa Judum.
— The petitioners alleged that it was unconstitutional, violated fundamental rights, and had led to widespread human rights abuses. It blurred the line between civilians and combatants, left poorly trained youth exposed to violent retaliation, and displaced entire communities, they said.
— The court examined whether the practice of arming and deploying SPOs was consistent with constitutional provisions under Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution, which guarantee the fundamental right to equality and the right to life with dignity.
— It noted that the Chhattisgarh Police Act gave very wide discretion to the executive to appoint SPOs without clear conditions or safeguards. The court found that some of those who had been recruited and armed had not even studied up to Class 5.
— The court held that expecting poorly trained and underpaid SPOs to perform the same functions as regular police officers was discriminatory and violated Article 14.
— The court said that the state was effectively using citizens as expendable instruments in counterinsurgency operations, which was “revelatory of disrespect for the lives of the tribal youth, and defiling of their human dignity”.
Do You Know:
— While often conflated, Maoism, Naxalism, and Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) have distinct origins. Maoism is based on Mao Zedong’s doctrine of agrarian revolution and guerrilla warfare. Its Indian variant emerged with the 1967 Naxalbari uprising, leading to the broader Naxalite movement.
— Over decades, this transformed itself into factions, with the CPI (Maoist) becoming the dominant group in 2004 through the merger of the People’s War Group (PWG) and the Maoist Communist Centre (MCC). LWE is the term used by the Indian state to categorise such insurgencies within a national security framework.
— By contrast, ‘Urban Naxal’ is often used to refer to supporters of Naxalism, including intellectual and financial support.
— Tribal communities remain the social base of the Maoist insurgency. Persistent issues, such as displacement, land alienation, lack of healthcare, education, and justice, continue to fuel discontent. Therefore, the government focussed on development issues evident in schemes like the Special Central Assistance (SCA), Civic Action Programme (CAP), and the Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan, which aim at inclusive development.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍What lies ahead as Centre mounts offensive against Maoists
Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:
📍 The Government of India recently stated that Left Wing Extremism (LWE) will be eliminated by 2026. What do you understand by LWE and how are the people affected by it? What measures have been taken by the government to eliminate LWE? (UPSC CSE 2025)
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.
Mains Examination: General Studies-I, II: Social issues, Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
What’s the ongoing story: Ever since the High-Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora published its report in 2001-02, the word ‘diaspora’ has gained currency in policy circles. The size of India’s diaspora, estimated in 2001-02 to be over 20 million, is currently estimated to be over 30 million. And there have been over 2,000 studies so far on various aspects of India’s international diaspora.
Key Points to Ponder:
— What do you understand by the term diaspora?
— What is the history of the evolution of the Indian diaspora?
— What is the role of language in shaping and sustaining diasporic identities?
— What is the difference between old and new diasporas?
— How does the rise in internal migration impact socio-economic development at the national and regional levels?
— How has the Indian diaspora shaped India’s soft power globally and contributed to India’s economic growth?
Key Takeaways:
— But is a national border necessary to define a diaspora? And is that even feasible in India, where the words ‘pravasi’ and ‘videshi’ are used not only for international emigration but also for long-distance internal migration. Ask any Odia migrant worker in Surat, Gujarat, where they have come to work and they will say videsh.
— For a diasporic experience, it is important to cross a significant cultural zone which may be internal or international. And yet, compared to the studies on international diasporas, we know very little about internal diasporas.
— Diasporas after all are a culmination of recent migrations and past migrations, such as the Indian migration to Mauritius in the 19th century that has led to the creation of an Indian diaspora there today.
— In a recent paper published in the journal Sociological Bulletin, I estimated the internal and international diasporas based on the major languages of India. For internal diasporas, recent language Censuses were used, excluding border-districts on state boundaries. For international diasporas, other countries’ language Censuses and other sources were used to form estimates. The results were striking. When accounting for internal diasporas, the ‘diasporic’ experience of Indians is not 30 million but well over 100 million.
— Punjabi, Malayalam and Tamil were the most dispersed language groups relative to their sizes (over 10 %), followed by Telugu and Gujarati. Hindi (which includes Bhojpuri and Marwari in the Indian Census) speakers form the largest segment of India’s diaspora but are relatively less dispersed relative to overall size. Marathi, Kannada and Bengali were the least dispersed.
— As with the international diaspora, there are ‘old’ internal diasporas and ‘new’ internal diasporas linked with the recency of migration. There is the diaspora formed by old Gujarati migration to Tamil Nadu linked with weavers and traders several centuries ago, and more recent ones formed in Karnataka and Maharashtra linked with business-related migrations.
— The preservation of language is an important aspect of diasporic groups, but it may fade over time. Some diasporas have learnt the local languages along with retaining their own ones whereas in extremely cosmopolitan settings, local languages were never seen as important to learn.
— Constraining the concept of the diaspora to national borders is a flawed idea that must be rectified to understand Indian diversity, or for that matter, the diversity of any large nation.
— India’s diasporic experiences far exceed 30 million and are closer to 100 million, and they greatly matter in the spread of customs and cuisines, not only around the world but also within India. It is only when we understand the transnational from the subnational that we begin to recognise the full meaning of what it means to be videshi, outside or within one’s own country.
Do You Know:
— The term “diaspora” comes from the Greek word “diaspeirein,” which means “dispersion.” Over time, the meaning has evolved and now generally refers to individuals or groups who share a common origin or culture but live outside their homeland for various reasons.
— The Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is celebrated on January 9th to honor the contributions of the Overseas Indian community to the development of India. This date was chosen as the day to celebrate this occasion since it was on this day in 1915 that Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa, led India’s freedom struggle, and changed the lives of Indians forever. Since 2015, the centenary year of Gandhi’s return, the format of the event has been revised to take place once every two years.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
UPSC Prelims Practice Question Covering similar theme:
(3) Consider the following statements:
1. Non-Resident Indians are Indians who are residents of foreign countries.
2. Overseas Citizens of India Category was carved out in 2006.
3. The theme of 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is “Diaspora’s Contribution to a Viksit Bharat”.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None
Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:
📍Discuss the changes in the trends of labour migration within and outside India in the last four decades. (UPSC CSE 2015)
📍The Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India. (UPSC CSE 2023)
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| PRELIMS ANSWER KEY |
| 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) |
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