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Important topics and their relevance in UPSC CSE exam for July 8, 2025. If you missed the July 7, 2025 UPSC CSE exam key from the Indian Express, read it here
FRONT PAGE
Trump unveils 25% tariffs on South Korea and Japan; India eyes extended deadline
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests
What’s the ongoing story: TWO DAYS before the reciprocal tariff pause runs out on July 9, President Donald Trump said on Monday that the US would impose 25% tariffs on imports from Japan and South Korea beginning August 1 as he unveiled the first two of what he has said will be a wave of letters to trading partners outlining the new levies they face.
Key Points to Ponder:
• Know the term “tariffs”.
• Why tariffs are imposed by a country on another country’s goods?
• Which WTO principle is challenged when selective tariffs are imposed on certain countries?
• What is the likely short-term effect of 25% tariffs on South Korea and Japan?
• How does India stand to benefit or lose amid rising US protectionism targeting Asian allies?
• How such trade protectionist measures affect global supply chains, especially in the electronics and automobile sectors?
Key Takeaways:
• The rate for South Korea is the same that Trump initially announced on April 2, while the rate for Japan is 1 point higher than first announced. Trump capped all of the so-called reciprocal tariffs at 10% until July 9 to allow for negotiations. Only two agreements have so far been reached, with Britain and Vietnam.
• Meanwhile, amid uncertainty over the conclusion of an interim trade deal with India, the US has indicated that it may allow negotiations to continue until an extended deadline of August 1.
• Indian officials have indicated that while efforts are still underway to wrap up the trade negotiations — which had reached the last leg till the challenges thrown up in the final lap delayed the announcement of a pact — there could now be some more elbow room with respect to the fresh timelines.
• This is significant for India, which is unlikely to sign on the dotted line by then, although efforts are underway to ink a mini trade deal covering goods, excluding contentious items.
Do You Know:
• The Indian negotiators, led by Chief Negotiator and Special Secretary Rajesh Aggarwal, returned on Friday after nearly a week of talks with the US. A government official indicated that the likely interim deal would involve only goods, as services and labour issues are not currently part of the negotiations.
• A government official had told The Indian Express that agriculture has been a major sticking point in negotiations, particularly because India has adopted an unwavering stance on this sector.
• The US maintains that the August 1 cut-off date is not a new deadline but an outer limit for countries to “speed things up”, and that this strategy has helped bring trading partners such as the European Union on board.
• The threat from the Trump administration is that if the August 1 deadline is not adhered to, those countries go back to the April 2 tariff levels. Most of them are minor trading partners of the US and are likely outside America’s 18 important trading relationships that account for 95 per cent of the country’s trade deficit.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Trump to impose 25% tariffs on Japan and South Korea from August 1
Post Op Sindoor, pvt sector may see big push for defence manufacturing
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
What’s the ongoing story: WITH A specific thrust on the need to “leverage the buying power” of the government, authorities are learnt to have reached out to industry bodies and multiple private defence manufacturing companies to elicit active participation in defence manufacturing.
Key Points to Ponder:
• Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020-what you know about the same?
• The DAP 2020 emphasizes ‘Make in India’ by promoting what?
• What are the advantages and limitations of using simulations in defence procurement?
• What are the recent steps taken by the Ministry of Defence to streamline procurement timelines?
• How can India leverage geopolitical crises to strengthen its private defence manufacturing ecosystem?
• What role private sector can play in India’s journey toward self-reliance in defence production in the context of evolving national security threats?
• How can public-private collaboration enhance India’s defence preparedness?
Key Takeaways:
• There is likely to be a greater push for enhanced indigenous arms manufacturing of items such as artillery guns, missiles, loitering and precision-guided munitions, and military-grade drones in the backdrop of Operation Sindoor.
• The government is pivoting towards a leaner equipment procurement model that involves leveraging the private sector to a much greater extent, giving key players visibility in terms of future orders and taking recourse to provisions such as deemed licensing to tide over procedural hurdles.
• Specific measures on the anvil include plans to compress procurement schedules to around two years from an average of about six years currently for big orders, as was done for the Rafale Marine aircraft procured by the Navy, a top government official told The Indian Express.
Do You Know:
• According to the latest data by the Controller General of Accounts, the Ministry of Defence had spent 14 per cent or Rs 24,730 crore till May-end out of its total budgeted capital expenditure Rs 1.8 lakh crore for FY26. The Ministry had spent just 4 per cent of its budgeted amount in the corresponding period of the previous financial year.
• A model involving research and development (R&D) by public sector undertakings (PSUs), sometimes jointly with the private sector players, and the production then being entrusted to the private company, as was done for DRDO-designed 5.56x45mm CQB Carbine that is now being manufactured by Bharat Forge after a tender process, is likely to be replicated for more equipment.
• In case of drones, the idea is to shortlist up to five manufacturers of civilian drones that have the capacity to expand to military-grade ones, and offer them government support for technology tie-ups and order book guidance.
• The government is also working towards revising the Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020 to streamline the defence procurement process. A compression of the documentation manual, co-development with the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), and a competitive bidding procurement procedure through tenders and not nominations are going to be the key focus areas for the proposed DAP 2025 that is likely to be ready in about eight months.
• GIVEN THAT the nature of warfare is changing, an area where there is likely to be a greater thrust post-Op Sindoor is standoff weapons, including missiles, drones. The government is also working to update its Defence Acquisition Procedure to streamline the procurement process, elicit greater industry participation, and compress acquisition timelines.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Indigenising defence production is a good idea whose time has come
EXPRESS NETWORK
Govt submits panel report on Great Nicobar project to NGT
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Main Examination: General Studies III: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment and Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
What’s the ongoing story: The Union environment ministry on Monday submitted, in a sealed envelope, the report of a high-powered committee (HPC) formed to revisit the Great Nicobar Island mega infrastructure project’s environmental clearance to a six-member bench of the National Green Tribunal (NGT), headed by Chairperson Justice Prakash Shrivastava.
Key Points to Ponder:
• Map Work-Great Nicobar Island
• The Great Nicobar Island mega infrastructure project-what you know about the same?
• What is Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation Limited (ANIIDCO)?
• What is the conservation status of leatherback sea turtle, long-tailed macaque, coconut crab and Nicobar megapode?
• What are the issues related to the Great Nicobar Island Project?
• Analyse the trade-offs between development and conservation in the Great Nicobar Island Project.
• How the Great Nicobar Project can enhance India’s maritime security?
• Examine the impact of the Great Nicobar Project on the Shompen and Nicobarese tribes.
Key Takeaways:
• The ministry also submitted in an additional affidavit filed before the NGT that Rs 80 crore has already been released till March-end towards wildlife conservation plans and healthcare, as prescribed in the conditions of statutory environmental clearances for the mega project. This includes funds released for leatherback sea turtle; Nicobar megapode conservation; conservation plans for long-tailed macaque and coconut crab; and conservation of native flora and fauna, among other plans.
• The bench granted time to the applicant’s counsel to file a rejoinder to the environment ministry’s additional affidavit and adjourned the matter.
• The six-member NGT bench was hearing on-going matters filed by environmental activist and researcher Ashish Kothari on alleged environmental violations in the project.
• The ministry’s additional affidavit was filed in response to NGT’s directions in March to place on record the follow-up actions and outcomes after the HPC revisited the project’s statutory environmental clearance.
Do You Know:
• Great Nicobar is the southernmost and largest of the Nicobar Islands, a sparsely inhabited 910-sq-km patch of mainly tropical rainforest in southeastern Bay of Bengal. Indira Point on the island, India’s southernmost point, is only 90 nautical miles (less than 170 km) from Sabang at the northern tip of Sumatra, the largest island of the Indonesian archipelago.
• Great Nicobar has two national parks, a biosphere reserve, small populations of the Shompen and Nicobarese tribal peoples, and a few thousand non-tribal settlers.
• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are a cluster of 836 islands, split into two groups — the Andaman Islands to the north and the Nicobar Islands to the south — by the 150-km wide Ten Degree Channel. President Droupadi Murmu visited the archipelago in February this year, and interacted with some of its indigenous inhabitants.
• The mega infrastructure project — which is being implemented by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO) — is proposed to include an International Container Transhipment Terminal (ICTT), a greenfield international airport with a peak hour capacity to handle 4,000 passengers, a township, and a gas and solar based power plant spread across 16,610 hectares.
• The HPC was formed in April 2023 on the orders of the NGT to address “unanswered deficiencies” regarding the impact of the mega project involving a port and airport pertaining to coral conservation, location of the port in a prohibited area , and on limited baseline data collection. The NGT had not interfered with the environmental and forest clearances granted for the project.
• The HPC had concluded that the project’s environmental clearance and coastal regulation zone clearance adhered to the instant statutory provisions. It had said that no part of the project fell in out of bounds coastally sensitive areas, while regarding corals, it had said citing the Zoological Survey of India that 16,510 coral colonies close to the project needed to translocated, as per an affidavit filed by the environment ministry last year.
• After preparing the report, the HPC forwarded it to the Andaman and Nicobar Island administration, which was directed to take appropriate action regarding the conclusions and recommendations. Further, it said that in compliance of the HPC’s report, an overarching committee was formed in January 2024, comprising the chief secretary of Andaman and Nicobar Administration, and representatives of the Wildlife Institute of India, Botanical Survey of India, Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), and ANIIDCO, among others.
• Out of the Rs 80.84 crore released, Rs 15.72 crore was released to the Wildlife Institute of India for undertaking conservation plans for leatherback sea turtles, Nicobar megapode, and saltwater crocodile. The Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology got Rs 24.5 crore for undertaking conservation plans for bird hazard risk assessment for the proposed airport, conservation of coconut crab, and long-tailed macaque.
• An amount of Rs 23.55 crore was released to the ZSI for undertaking conservation and management of coral reefs of the Great Nicobar Island, and conservation management for intertidal marine fauna of the Great Nicobar Island.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍The fate of Great Nicobar Island: Its Indigenous peoples displaced by aid, robbed by development
Class 3 learning still lower than pre-Covid level: Govt survey
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
What’s the ongoing story: Learning levels are yet to bounce back to pre-Covid levels in the primary stage, with students in Class 3 still not having caught up with the performance recorded in 2017, the Centre’s latest school education assessment released Monday shows.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What is the PARAKH Rashtriya Sarvekshan?
• How is this year’s survey different from previous years?
• What did current NAS find?
• What are the objectives and significance of PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development)?
• What is the role of the National Achievement Survey (NAS) in identifying learning gaps in the Indian school education system?
• How can PARAKH contribute towards improving accountability and outcome-based education in Indian schools?
• Discuss the significance of foundational literacy and numeracy in shaping the long-term educational and socio-economic outcomes of children.
• What are the long-term implications of low foundational skills in early education on India’s demographic dividend?
Key Takeaways:
• Class 3 students assessed in language and Mathematics fared better compared to 2021, when learning levels were captured in the wake of the pandemic and the resultant disruptions in education, but their scores remained lower than the pre-Covid level in 2017.
• The PARAKH Rashtriya Sarvekshan, which was called the National Achievement Survey (NAS) in previous iterations, assessed 21.15 lakh students in Classes 3, 6, and 9 across 74,229 schools in December 2024.
• However, scores of only Class 3 can be compared with 2017 and 2021 since it is the only common class in all three rounds of assessment. The 2017 NAS was held for Classes 3, 5 and 8, while the 2021 NAS was for Classes 3, 5, 8, and 10.
• The 2024 survey was aligned with the stages of the National Education Policy 2020, under which Class 3 marks the end of the foundational stage of school education, Class 6 the end of the preparatory stage, and Class 9 the end of the middle stage.
Do You Know:
• According to its findings, Class 3 students recorded an average national score of 64% in language in 2024 — a two-percentage-point increase from 62% in 2021, but lower than the 2017 score of 66.7%. Similarly, in Maths, the national average score in 2024 was 60% — above the 57% recorded in 2021, but below 63% scored in 2017.
• In terms of the language competencies they were assessed on, Class 3 students scored the lowest (60%) in reading short stories and comprehending their meaning, while they fared best (67%) in knowing and using words to carry out day-to-day interactions.
• In Maths, Class 3 students fared poorly in geometric shapes and simple money transactions, scoring an average of 50% in both. They performed best (69%) in identifying simple patterns, shapes and numbers.
• In Classes 6 and 9, the national average score is less than 50% in all subjects they were assessed in, except for language.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Delhi govt schools lead in foundational stage; pvt schools excel in higher grades
Trade union forum calls for nationwide bandh against govt policies tomorrow
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
What’s the ongoing story: A forum of 10 central trade unions and their associates has called for a “Bharat Bandh” on Wednesday to oppose the “anti-worker, anti-farmer and anti-national pro-corporate policies of the government”.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What is trade union?
• Emergence and growth of Trade Unions-what you know about the same?
• What are the Four Labour Codes?
• What is Pressure Group?
• What are the techniques used by pressure groups?
• Pressure Groups in India and trade unions-connect the dots
• What are the core grievances of trade unions in calling for the 09 July Bharat Bandh?
• How can the government address demands of trade unions through inclusive policy-making?
• Know the role of trade unions in shaping labour laws and reforms in India post-economic liberalization.
Key Takeaways:
• The forum on Monday said preparations for the bandh have been taken up in earnest by unions in all sectors of formal and informal/unorganised economy.
• “More than 25 crore workers are expected to take part in the strike. Farmers and rural workers will also join the protest across the country,” said Amarjeet Kaur from All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC).
• Apart from AITUC, Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC), HMS, Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU), All India United Trade Union Centre (AIUTUC), Trade Union Coordination Centre (TUCC), Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA), All India Central Council of Trade Unions (AICCTU), Labour Progressive Federation (LPF) and United Trade Union Congress (UTUC) are part of the forum.
Do You Know:
• It alleged that the government has not been conducting the annual labour conference for the last 10 years and continues to take decisions in contravention to the interest of labour force, attempting to impose the four new labour codes to weaken collective bargaining, to cripple union activities and to favour employers in the name of “ease of doing business”.
• The forum also alleged that the economic policies are resulting in increased unemployment, rising prices of essentials, decrease in wages, cut in social sector spending in education, health, basic civic amenities, and all these are leading to more inequalities and miseries for poor, people of lower income group as well as the middle class.
• Trade unions have been fighting against “privatisation of public sector enterprises and public services, policies of outsourcing, contractorization and casualisation of workforce”, it said.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Bharat Bandh: Why Centre must listen to the concerns of trade unions
Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:
📍Since the decade of the 1920s, the national movement acquired various ideological strands and thereby expanded its social base. Discuss. (2020)
EXPLAINED
Law on phone-tapping, and two HC rulings
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance
Main Examination: General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.
What’s the ongoing story: Both the Madras and Delhi High Court cases involved “preventing incitement to the commission of an offence”, which is one of the valid grounds in law for authorising phone tapping.
Key Points to Ponder:
• How are phones tapped in India?
• Who can tap phones?
• What laws govern this?
• Who authorises phone tapping?
• Indian Telegraph Act, 1885-Historical Background and Present Relevance
• Reforms needed or Revoking Indian Telegraph Act 1885?
• Phone Tapping and Indian Telegraph Act, 1885
• Legality of Phone Tapping and Article 21 of the Indian Constitution
• Authenticity of An Intercepted Conversation as an Evidence-know in detail
Key Takeaways:
• Both the Madras and Delhi High Court cases involved “preventing incitement to the commission of an offence”, which is one of the valid grounds in law for authorising phone tapping.
• Both courts separately examined the nature of economic offences to determine if they could be deemed as “public emergency” or “public safety.” While the Delhi High Court upheld the interception order, the Madras High Court quashed it.
• DELHI HC: On June 26, the Delhi High Court rejected the plea of an accused who challenged a trial court’s order accepting evidence gathered by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) through phone-tapping.
• Madras HC: The Madras High Court on July 2 quashed an interception order issued by the MHA in 2011 for intercepting the phone of an accused in a bribery case. The accused was allegedly attempting to pay a bribe of Rs 50 lakh to a senior Income Tax officer to help the accused hide undisclosed taxable income.
Do You Know:
• The government’s powers to intercept communication is laid down in and circumscribed by three pieces of legislation.
—The Indian Post Office Act, 1898 allows for the interception of communication through post;
—The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 is used for tapping voice calls; and
—The Information Technology Act, 2000 governs the interception of WhatsApp messages, emails, etc.
• The 140-year-old Telegraph Act was originally meant for intercepting telegrams, but over the years it has been expanded to include telephonic conversations. Section 5(2) of the Act states that both state and central governments can, “on the occurrence of any public emergency, or in the interest of the public safety”, authorise interception.
• Given that the right to free speech and the right to privacy are fundamental rights, any encroachment on these rights through surveillance is only permissible on narrow constitutional grounds.
• These grounds — the interest of the sovereignty, and integrity of India; the security of the state; friendly relations with foreign states; public order; or preventing incitement to the commission of an offence — are enumerated as “reasonable restrictions” under Article 19(2) of the Constitution.
• Section 5(2) of the Act also mentions these grounds for authorising interception. For actions to be deemed a threat to “public emergency, or in the interest of the public safety” and allow for interception, they have to necessarily fall into one of the reasonable restrictions.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Explained: The laws for surveillance in India, and concerns over privacy
Its eye on dark mysteries, Rubin will reveal the cosmos like never before
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: General Studies III: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, biotechnology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.
What’s the ongoing story: The telescope has the world’s largest digital camera, which is the size of a small car, weighs 2,800 kg, and boasts a staggering resolution of 3,200 megapixels. Such components will help provide comprehensive images of the night sky.
Key Points to Ponder:
• Why the Vera C. Rubin Observatory is in news?
• What is the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST)?
• The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is equipped with what notable features?
• Know the scientific significance of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory in enhancing our understanding of dark matter and dark energy.
• How do international collaborations like Vera Rubin project, reflect the changing dynamics of global science diplomacy?
• What is the role of ground-based observatories in the era of space telescopes?
Key Takeaways:
• How was the Milky Way formed? Does our Solar System have a ninth planet? Is there an asteroid that can pose a threat to Earth? What are dark energy and dark matter? These are some of the questions that the Vera C Rubin Observatory, which released its first test images last month, is expected to answer.
• The centrepiece of the observatory is the Simonyi Survey Telescope. This device is unique for three main reasons.
—WIDE FIELD OF VIEW: Astronomers typically use the size of the visible surface of the full Moon to describe a telescope’s field of view. The Hubble Space Telescope observes around 1% of the full Moon’s disc, and the James Webb Space Telescope around 75% — using such telescopes is like looking into space through a straw. The Rubin’s telescope, however, is so wide-eyed that it effectively observes an area of the sky equivalent to at least 40 full Moons arranged next to one another. The primary mirror captures celestial light and reflects it upward to the secondary mirror. The secondary mirror then bounces the light to the tertiary mirror, which is the inner part of the primary mirror.
— LARGEST DIGITAL CAMERA: The telescope has the largest digital camera in the world. It is the size of a small car, weighs 2,800 kg, and boasts a staggering resolution of 3,200 megapixels (the latest iPhone 16 Pro Max has a 48-megapixel camera). The camera can produce an image so rich in detail that it would take a wall of 400 ultrahigh-definition TV screens to display it in full.
— RAPID MOVEMENT: It is not easy to move large telescopes. They usually take around 10 minutes to adjust their position so as to ensure that sensitive components do not wobble around during the movement. Scientists have to plan what they want to observe, and when, in advance.
• The Vera Rubin Observatory will constantly scan the sky of the southern hemisphere for 10 years, gathering 20 terabytes of astronomical data each night. The observatory’s software will automatically compare new images with older ones and generate an estimated 10 million alerts per night for each change detected in the sky.
Do You Know:
• The Vera C Rubin Observatory in Chile has released its first breathtaking images, showcasing the power of its 3,200-megapixel digital camera—the largest ever built. Taken during testing in April, following the completion of the telescope’s construction, the images hint at a new era of surveying the sky.
• One striking photo captures the Trifid and Lagoon Nebulae in a star-forming region of the Milky Way. Created from 678 monochrome exposures using four different filters, the image reveals rich, vivid detail in just over seven hours of observation.
• Another highlight was a video revealing a swarm of previously unknown asteroids—2,104 newly discovered space rocks, including seven near-Earth asteroids that pose no threat.
• In a single wide-field image, the Rubin Observatory’s telescope simultaneously spotted asteroids within our solar system and galaxies billions of light-years away, demonstrating its extraordinary reach. Perched atop Cerro Pachón in Chile’s Andes Mountains, the $810 million US-led project is designed to scan the entire southern sky every 3–4 nights—vastly faster than space telescopes like Hubble or James Webb, which focus on small sections with greater detail.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍World’s largest digital camera unveils stunning images of the universe
ALL ABOUT THE UAE’S NEW GOLDEN VISA SCHEME FOR INDIANS
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
What’s the ongoing story: The United Arab Emirates government has introduced a pilot nomination-based golden visa programme for residents of India and Bangladesh seeking lifetime residency there, PTI reported.
Key Points to Ponder:
• What are golden visas?
• What is the UAE’s golden visa scheme?
• How is the nomination-based visa policy different?
• How is the UAE’s golden visa scheme significant?
Key Takeaways:
• The proposed policy awards Indians the UAE’s golden visa for life on paying a fee of AED 100,000 (around Rs 23.3 lakh), sources told PTI. This policy would do away with the current requirement of investing in property or a business in the Emirates.
• Individuals seeking to immigrate to a country are typically required to fulfil criteria such as a minimum educational qualification and/or an offer letter from a company to work there. This process can be tedious and may take years.
• A golden visa bypasses this requirement, and hedges on an individual’s ability to pay a significant sum of money to the host country, which may be in the form of investments in government bonds, real estate and more. A smaller number of countries offer the ‘golden passport’, another route to citizenship by investment.
Do You Know:
• According to the UAE’s Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs & Port Security, the golden visa is essentially a pathway to long-term residency in the country without the need for a sponsor in the country. Eligible candidates may apply for residency for a period of five to 10 years. The golden visa system allows residents, foreign expatriates and their families to move to the UAE to work, live and study, while enhancing the environment that supports business growth and success in the country.
• India’s selection as the first country under the new nomination-based policy indicates the close business, cultural, and geopolitical relations between India and the UAE, especially after the signing of the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between the two countries, effective May 2022.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Indians can now get UAE’s Golden Visa for Rs 23 lakh: All you need to know
Behind record-breaking heat in Kashmir: long dry spells, rise in urbanisation
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change – that do not require subject specialization.
Mains Examination: General Studies III: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
What’s the ongoing story: The Kashmir Valley witnessed its highest day temperature in over seven decades on Saturday (July 5), while the popular health resort of Pahalgam recorded its highest-ever daytime temperature. These record-breaking temperatures come on the heels of the valley experiencing its hottest June in nearly five decades.
Key Points to Ponder:
• Why record-breaking heat in Kashmir as per recent observations?
• What is “heat dome”?
• What factors contributes to the increasing frequency of heatwaves in Kashmir?
• What role does the ‘Western Disturbances’ play in weather phenomena in northern India?
• What are the implications of extreme heatwaves on the fragile ecology and economy of Kashmir?
• What are Urban Heat Islands, and how do they affect temperatures?
Key Takeaways:
• The Kashmir Valley generally has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. While spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) are usually pleasant, winter (December to February) sees temperatures dropping well below freezing, with heavy snowfall in high-altitude areas and moderate snowfall in the plains.
• Summers (June to August) are mild, with daytime temperatures reaching up to 36 degree Celsius in urban areas and around 30 degree Celsius in resorts like Gulmarg and Pahalgam. Regular western disturbances bring intermittent rainfall, helping cool temperatures. July and August are typically the hottest months of the year.
• In recent years, Kashmir’s weather has become increasingly erratic. The valley has seen extended dry spells, and temperatures have steadily risen. This year, it recorded the hottest June in nearly 50 years, with daytime temperatures hovering about three degrees above normal.
Do You Know:
• Independent weather forecaster Faizan Arif said the worrisome part is that the Valley has seen consistently high mercury readings this year. “We have had higher temperatures in the past, but those were isolated incidents,” Arif said. “This year, temperatures have consistently stayed above normal. Both maximum and minimum temperatures have remained elevated.”
• Director of the India Meteorological Department in Srinagar, Mukhtar Ahmad, attributed the temperature rise to a combination of factors. “First, global warming is causing temperatures to rise worldwide,” Ahmad said. “in Kashmir, in the past, whenever temperatures crossed 35 degree Celsius, rainfall would follow, bringing relief. But now we’re seeing extended dry spells.” He explained that one of the main reasons for this is the reduced availability of water vapour. “There’s been very little snowfall in the mountains, and whatever snow falls melts by March, leaving the mountains bare.” Ahmad also pointed to the role of Urban Heat Islands (UHIs), which intensify the heat.
• An urban heat island is a local and temporary phenomenon experienced when certain pockets within a city experience higher heat load than surrounding or neighbouring areas on the same day.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍Valley swelters: Srinagar city sees highest day temperature in 7 decades, Pahalgam simmers too
ECONOMY
After China’s RE magnet clampdown, a rethink in India on its EV policy push
Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: General Studies II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
What’s the ongoing story: In India’s policy circles, a steadfast focus of driving vehicular electrification by largely incentivising a singular technological platform – battery electric vehicles or BEVs – at the cost of all other technologies, could be in for a change.
Key Points to Ponder:
• Which rare earth elements commonly used in permanent magnets for EV motors?
• The term “RE magnet” is most appropriately associated with what?
• The Phased Manufacturing Programme (PMP) under India’s EV policy primarily aims at what?
• Why Permanent magnets made from rare earths are preferred in EVs?
• How has China’s recent export restriction impacted India’s EV ecosystem?
• What are the key economic and geopolitical risks involved in relying heavily on China for rare earth magnets?
Key Takeaways:
• The immediate trigger for this has come from China’s newly imposed restrictions on rare earth magnet and related materials that kicked in from April 4, which are beginning to impact automakers across the world. This includes vehicle manufacturers in India.
• Beijing’s move has set off an informed discussion within top levels of the Indian government that multiple geopolitical issues need to be considered afresh while picking vehicular technologies, and whether the choice of BEVs in the eventual goal of vehicular electrification could mean playing entirely into the hands of Chinese at the cost of India’s own local ICE (internal combustion engine) auto value chain and ancillary ecosystem.
• India’s electric mobility plan has, so far, largely focused on replacing internal combustion engines with BEVs powered by Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, which was positioned as the most viable energy storage option for the future.
• BEVs are essentially vehicles such as the Tata Nexon EV, BYD Atto3 or Mahindra BE6 in India, or the Nissan Leaf or the Tesla Model S sold abroad, which have no internal combustion engine or fuel tank, and run on a fully electric drivetrain powered by rechargeable batteries.
• Currently, government policy overtly favours BEVs, which are taxed at 5 per cent, with most other categories facing higher taxes over 43-48 per cent. The Centre has also been pursuing its target of EV30@2030 that aims to ensure that 30 per cent of all newly registered private cars, 40 per cent of buses, 70 per cent of commercial cars, and 80 per cent of two-wheelers and three-wheelers will be electric in less than five years. All this could all possibly see a review in the due course.
Do You Know:
• Rare earth magnets, especially neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets, are crucial for EV manufacturing, particularly in electric motors. They provide the strong magnetic fields needed for efficient and powerful electric motors, including traction motors that drive EVs.
• Rare earths are needed for making what are called permanent magnet synchronous motors, which are used extensively in EVs. These magnets also play a major role in other vehicular components like power steering systems, wiper motors, and braking systems, which impact both EVs and ICE vehicles. China has a stranglehold over these rare earth magnets.
• While the availability of rare earth metals is not limited to China, it is in the efficient processing of these critical elements where Beijing has a substantial lead, which was once enjoyed by the US and Japan. In recent years, Japan has been able to restart some of its minerals’ processing industry owing to government policies, but countries like the US and India are heavily dependent on Chinese exports of these metals.
• While China restricted exports of seven heavy rare earth metals including samarium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium, as well as rare earth magnets in May in response to the US administration’s reciprocal tariff heat, these restrictions are still to be lifted in a meaningful way.
• Apart from China’s restrictions on rare earth magnets, Beijing’s virtual stranglehold in the EV battery ecosystem is yet another reason for concern here. The Indian government’s strong EV push comes amid a struggle by New Delhi to make inroads into the global lithium value chain, which too has prompted a rethink on the need to diversify the country’s dependency on Li-ion batteries in the overall EV mix. The demand for Li-ion batteries from India is projected to grow at a CAGR of over 30 per cent by volume up to 2030, translating into over 50,000 tonnes of lithium requirement for the country to manufacture only EV batteries.
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
📍‘No visibility’ on resolving China rare earth magnet issue, says auto parts industry body ACMA
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