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Important topics and their relevance in UPSC CSE exam for September 11, 2024. If you missed the September 10th, 2024 UPSC CSE exam key from the Indian Express, read it here.
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UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: GS-II, III: Issues relating to the development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life.
What’s the ongoing story- Ahead of the September 26 UN General Assembly High-Level Meeting on antimicrobial resistance, the World Health Organization last week published its first-ever guidance on antibiotic pollution from manufacturing.
Prerequisites:
— What is antimicrobial resistance?
— Organisations to look for: World Health Organisation (WHO)
Key takeaways:
— AMR and consequently, the creation of “superbugs” — affects healthcare everywhere, but has especially poor outcomes in patients suffering from multiple diseases. A survey by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the country’s apex body for the formulation, coordination and promotion of biomedical research, shows that AMR continues to rise across the country.
— AMR is a condition in which a pathogen acquires the ability to survive and cause infection even in the presence of an antimicrobial drug. AMR is the result of evolution of microbes in a situation where there is a misuse or overuse of antibiotics.
— Excessive use of antimicrobial drugs can lead to the creation of resistant or extremely resistant superbugs, which can circulate in hospitals, through drinking water, or sewers. Infections caused by these pathogens will not respond to commonly prescribed antibiotics.
— Growing antibiotic resistance would mean that simple infections would become difficult to treat.
Reasons behind the increasing AMR
1. Many Indians have a tendency to pop an antibiotic for a fever, without even checking if the fever is caused by a bacterium. An antibiotic is of no use for viral infections such as influenza, but consuming it can drive up resistance in the population.
2. Doctors must be educated to not use broad-spectrum antibiotics, Dr Walia said. These are antibiotics that work against a wide range of infections, but these are also the ones that are more likely to lead to resistance. Overuse of antibiotics has rendered some of them useless or of limited use.
3. The WHO’s guidelines on antibiotic pollution from manufacturing released last week provides guidance on wastewater and solid waste management for antibiotic manufacturing facilities. Despite the high levels of antibiotic pollution that have been widely documented, the issue is largely unregulated, the WHO said.
— The three most common pathogens isolated in patient samples from tertiary care centres in the ICMR surveillance network are e. coli, which can cause gut infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae, which can cause pneumonia and urinary tract infections; and Acinetobacter baumannii, which is mainly associated with hospital acquired infections, the recent report said.
Points to Ponder:
— What are the reasons behind the increasing antimicrobial resistance?
— What are the impact of increasing AMR?
— What initiatives have been taken by the government to tackle the challenge of increasing AMR?
Post Read Question:
(1) Which among the following is/are the pathogens?
1. E. coli
2. Klebsiella pneumoniae
3. Acinetobacter baumannii
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance
Mains Examination: GS-II, GS-III: Polity, Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate.
What’s the ongoing story- A Delhi court on Tuesday (September 10) granted interim bail until October 2 to Lok Sabha MP Sheikh Abdul Rashid, popularly known as Engineer Rashid, to campaign for the Assembly elections in Jammu and Kashmir. Engineer Rashid has been lodged in Delhi’s Tihar Jail in a case of alleged terror funding since 2019.
Prerequisites:
— Read about the National Investigation Agency (NIA).
— What is the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act?
— What is interim bail?
Key takeaways:
— According to the NIA, Rashid used various public platforms to “propagate the ideology of separatism and secessionism”, was closely associated with various terrorist organisations, and wanted to “legitimise” the United Jihad Council (UJC), a platform of anti-India militant groups in J&K.
For Your Information:
— UAPA presents an alternate criminal law framework where the general principles of criminal law are reversed. By relaxing timelines for the state to file chargesheets and its stringent conditions for bail, the UAPA gives the state more powers.
— UAPA extends to the whole of India. The provisions of this Act apply also to—
(a) citizens of India outside India;
(b) persons in the service of the Government, wherever they may be; and
(c) persons on ships and aircrafts, registered in India, wherever they may be.
— The words “terror” or “terrorist” are not defined, but the UAPA defines a “terrorist act” as any act committed with intent to threaten or likely to threaten the unity, integrity, security, economic security, or sovereignty of India or with intent to strike terror or likely to strike terror in the people or any section of the people in India or in any foreign country.
— The central government may designate an individual as a terrorist through a notification in the official gazette, and add his name to the Fourth Schedule to the UAPA. The government is not required to give an individual an opportunity to be heard before such a designation.
Points to Ponder:
— What are the rights provided to the person under the arrest?
— What are the provisions of bail under UAPA?
— What was the need to enact UAPA?
— What are the concerns regarding the UAPA?
Post Read Question:
Prelims
(2) With reference to the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), consider the following statements:
1. The act does not apply to Indian citizens residing outside India.
2. The word “terrorist” has been defined in the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).
3. The government is required to give an individual an opportunity to be heard before declaring him/her as a terrorist.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None
Mains
Indian Government has recently strengthened the anti-terrorism laws by amending the unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA act. Analyze the changes in the context of prevailing security environment while discussing the scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organizations. (UPSC CSE 2019)
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
SC says jail, not bail, is the rule under the UAPA: How courts have been granting bail in UAPA cases
UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: GS-II: Government policies and interventions
What’s the ongoing story- The Quality Control of India has approved the National Test House (NTH), under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, as the certifying body for drones.
Prerequisites:
— Role of the Quality Control of India
— What is the Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)?
Key takeaways:
— “As part of the Certification Scheme for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), National Test House, Northern Region, Ghaziabad, has been provisionally approved by the Quality Council of India as a Certification Body for type certification of drones.”
— “This significant milestone aligns with the Government of India’s push towards fostering a robust and globally competitive drone ecosystem under Drone Rules 2021,” a ministry statement said.
— Securing type certification under Drone Rules 2021 is mandatory to operate in India, the ministry said, adding: “as part of the Certification Scheme for UAS, the NTH is tasked with evaluating drone models to ensure compliance with applicable national and international standards.”
For Your Information:
— In July Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman allocated Rs 500 crore for Namo Drone Didi scheme, an initiative aimed at providing drones to 15,000 selected women self-help groups (SHGs).
— The Namo Drone Didi scheme aims to provide drones to 15,000 selected women SHGs during the period 2023-24 to 2025-2026 for providing rental services to farmers.
Points to Ponder:
— What is the significance of the Namo Drone Didi Scheme?
— What are the different types of UAVs?
— What are the policy framework for regulation of drones in India?
Post Read Question:
(3) With reference to the potential uses of drones, consider the following:
1. Drones allow for more efficient application of the pesticides.
2. They are used for capturing real-time images.
3. Drones can be used to monitor the health of the plants.
4. Drones can also be used for innovative projects such as “seed ball” bombing.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(c) 2, 3 and 4
(d) 2 and 4
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
Rs 500 crore for Namo Drone Didi scheme
UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: GS-II, III: Government policies and interventions, Cyber Security
What’s the ongoing story- Cyber security is no longer limited to the digital world and has become an important aspect of national security, Union Home Minister Amit Shah said on Tuesday, adding that the country’s development was “impossible in current times” without keeping cybersecurity in mind.
Prerequisites:
— What are cyber crimes?
— What is cyber security?
— What is the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)?
Key takeaways:
— “Today technology is being used extensively in all new initiatives and the increasing use of technology is also creating many threats. And that is why cyber security is no longer limited to the digital world but has also become an important aspect of national security,” he said during the first foundation day celebrations of the I4C or Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre here.
— The I4C, established in 2018, is a department under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) tasked with establishing a national-level coordination centre to address cybercrime-related issues. Shah also inaugurated four I4C platforms — Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre (CFMC), the ‘Samanvaya’ platform, a Cyber Commandos programme and a Suspect Registry.
— According to an official, in the Suspect Registry system, the I4C will share a list of all the repeat offenders in their server, which can be accessed by police personnel of any state and also by the bank officials before opening bank accounts.
— Shah said the government is also planning to train and prepare 5,000 cyber commandos over the next five years.
For Your Information:
— The changing geo-political and economic shifts have compelled the Indian government to take active steps to evolve in cyberspace.
— This includes strengthening internal safety and security under the Ministry of Home Affairs, investment in defence infrastructure, and having bilateral agreements with countries across the globe, to remain coordinated and have defensive-offensive strategies for the interest of the nation, its citizens, and the industry.
— Such strategic focus has culminated in key initiatives such as the National Cyber Coordination Centre, Cyber Surakshit Bharat, and National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre being created and strengthened.
Points to Ponder:
— What are the various cyber crimes in India?
— What are the challenges of cyber security in India?
— What measures have been taken by the government to tackle cyber crimes?
Post Read Question:
Prelims
(4) In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (UPSC CSE 2017)
1. Service providers
2. Data centres
3. Body corporate
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Mains
What are the different elements of cyber security? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (UPSC CSE 2022)
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
Boosting cybersecurity budget to defend India’s thriving digital economy
UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Environment
Mains Examination: GS-II, III: Government policies and interventions, Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation
What’s the ongoing story- In its first post-election meeting, held after a gap of five months in July end, the standing committee of the National Board for Wildlife (SC-NBWL) has cleared projects such as a transmission line in Little Rann of Kutch, a controversial transmission line project in Goa’s Mollem national park as well as a clutch of infrastructure projects in tiger corridors of central India, among others.
Prerequisites:
— What is the function of the standing committee of the National Board for Wildlife (SC-NBWL)?
— What is the role of the NBWL?
— Location: Son Gharial sanctuary, Wild Ass Sanctuary, Melghat tiger reserve, Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park
Key takeaways:
— The SC-NBWL, headed by Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav, also pulled up the Madhya Pradesh tourism department for carrying out constructions in Son Gharial sanctuary and adjacent tiger corridors without permits.
— The NBWL is primarily responsible for promotion and conservation of wildlife. It also appraises and approves development projects that fall within and outside protected areas such as sanctuaries, national parks and tiger reserves.
— An expert committee which was formed to carry out a site visit recommended to NBWL that the project’s right of way should be divided into a ‘wire zone’, for areas below the powerline and ‘border zone’ for areas between the powerline for plantations.
— The transmission line will involve felling of 7,881 trees in a forest located in the Western Ghats and home to tiger, gaur, sloth bear, an array of amphibians and reptiles.w
— Goa’s citizens have been protesting the transmission line as well as a railway line doubling and highway widening proposal passing through the sanctuary and the national park under the ‘Save Mollem’ banner.
— Two approvals were granted for erection of transmission lines in Gujarat. One in the Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary in the Great Rann of Kutch and another in the Wild Ass sanctuary in Little Rann of Kutch over 100 hectares.
— The wild ass sanctuary is home to wild asses, jackals, bluebulls, desert fox, Indian wolf , jungle cat, chinkara.
— The wildlife board also approved widening of the National Highway 46 between Itarsi and Betul through the tiger corridor between Satpura and Melghat tiger reserve.
— Tiger corridors help wildlife to migrate between habitats and linear infrastructure such as highways prove to be fatal for them when they attempt to cross the roads. Animal underpasses help tigers, bears and other mammals to migrate between habitats safely.
For Your Information:
— Governments in developing countries face a dilemma, a political-economy conundrum that requires a fine balancing act.
— On the one hand, in light of climate change and the degradation of fragile and vulnerable ecologies, there is a need for regulation of projects that have a potentially adverse environmental impact.
— On the other hand, investment and infrastructure development are crucial for employment generation and poverty alleviation.
Points to Ponder:
— Importance of western ghats for Indian biodiversity
— How to create a balance between development and conservation?
— What is the significance of the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)?
Post Read Question:
Prelims
(5) According to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which of the following animals cannot be hunted by any person except under some provisions provided by law? (UPSC CSE 2017)
1. Gharial
2. Indian wild ass
3. Wild buffalo
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3 only
(d) 1 and 3
Mains
Define the concept of carrying capacity of an ecosystem as relevant to an environment. Explain how understanding this concept is vital while planning for sustainable development of a region. (UPSC CSE 2019)
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
Express View on the balance between environment and industry: Greening growth
UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: GS-II: Government policies and interventions
What’s the ongoing story- In a major intervention aimed at strengthening the scientific base in the country, the government on Tuesday approved a programme to build partnerships between top research institutions and universities to carry out joint research projects. These research projects would be fully funded by Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF).
Prerequisites:
— What is the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF)?
— What is the need for NRF in India?
Key takeaways:
— The ANRF was created to serve two main purposes — substantially increase the financial resources available for scientific research, from public as well as private sources, and expand the research base in the country, especially in colleges and universities where research capability is extremely limited or non-existent.
— The ANRF concept note had lamented that less than 1% of India’s nearly 40,000 institutions of higher education were engaged in research activities.
— Scientific research in India is concentrated mainly in specialised institutions like Indian Institute of Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research or the IITs, in sharp contrast to many other countries where universities are nerve centres of research.
— As the first step towards addressing this anomaly, the ANRF seeks to create linkages between topmost research institutions and universities, and fund them to carry out joint research projects.
— This initiative is envisaged to work in a hub-and-spoke model, with one top research institution hand-holding three to seven universities in carrying out scientific research…
— ANRF board also decided to launch a mission-mode programme to initiate multi-institutional and multi-disciplinary research to develop indigenous technologies related to e-vehicles.
For Your Information:
— The ANRF has been allocated a budget of Rs 14,000 crore over a five-year period. That translates to Rs 2,800 crore every year, a substantial improvement over the roughly Rs 800 crore annual budget that the previous science funding agency, Science and Engineering Research Board, used to have.
— In addition, the ANRF is expected to mobilise Rs 36,000 crore in the next five years through private sources, taking its total resources to Rs 50,000 crore.
Points to Ponder:
— What is the status of R&D in India?
— What is the budget allocation for Research in India?
— What are the shortcomings of public investment in R&D in India?
Post Read Question:
How far Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) will overcome the impediments faced by the R&D sector in India?
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
The Anusandhan National Research Foundation aims to make India a knowledge-driven economy
UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: GS-II, III: Government policies and interventions, indigenization of technology, and developing new technology.
What’s the ongoing story- Payal Malik and Harishankar Thayyil Jagadeesh write: During its G20 presidency, India positioned digital public infrastructure (DPI) as a technology-enabled instrument for inclusive and sustainable development. DPI’s distinguishing characteristics of openness, interoperability, and scalability underscore its criticality beyond technology to the larger goals of public and private service delivery.
Prerequisites:
— What is the digital public infrastructure (DPI)?
— Learn about the following: CoWIN platform, Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, Citizen Stack
Key takeaways:
— DPIs can be broadly grouped into two categories: Foundational and sectoral. Typically, foundational DPIs such as Aadhaar, UPI, and Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture (DEPA) are developed to create robust digital rails and span the domains of digital identity systems and payment infrastructure, and data exchange platforms.
— Sectoral DPIs provide specialised services tailored to the needs of specific sectors. Examples include the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, which is the rails for the provision of universal health coverage. A notable DPI success story is the CoWIN platform, which utilised Aadhaar-based authentication to facilitate the administration of more than 2.2 billion Covid-19 vaccines.
— DPIs serve a platform-like role, that is, they provide a network or gateway that enables other entities to “plug and play” by building digital applications or services on these rails. They enable rapid innovation and value creation at scale through public-private partnerships.
— These inherent network effects of DPIs can lead to winner-takes-all outcomes, resulting in the creation of monopolies or oligopolies. For instance, the UPI payment system has resulted in the creation of a virtual duopoly of service providers.
— The risk of DPIs causing market concentration needs to be mitigated. India’s G20 Task Force on Digital Public Infrastructure… highlighted the need for regulatory frameworks that can adapt to the evolving digital landscape in order to address issues such as data privacy, security, and interoperability and competition.
— India stands at the crossroads of innovation and regulation in the implementation of DPIs. Private firms bring innovation and speed of execution due to their autonomy, but they may be operating in a regulatory vacuum. A robust framework of checks and balances, which protects public interest without hampering private innovation, is essential.
— Given DPIs are a recent development and that their full potential has not been realised, controlling them fully through a rigid legal framework might hamper their growth.
— Some of the key guardrails contained in soft law, such as data encryption, access restrictions, and mandating user consent for data usage, can safeguard the interests of the public.
— A more considered and clearly defined approach to govern the private actors riding on the infrastructure component of DPIs would significantly aid in fully realising their transformative potential without creating disruptive risks to society.
For Your Information:
— A good DPI should harmonise technology with societal needs, ensuring security, scalability, and inclusivity. The Citizen Stack emerges as a trusted ecosystem rooted in the proven success of the India Stack. India Stack, a comprehensive digital infrastructure platform, has already demonstrated its efficacy and security on an unprecedented scale, serving over a billion citizens.
— This established foundation lends Citizen Stack a distinct advantage in terms of credibility and reliability. However, what truly sets Citizen Stack apart is its role as a regulatory body or auditor, not a manufacturer of DPIs. It certifies and authenticates DPIs, ensuring they meet stringent standards of quality and security.
Points to Ponder:
— What are the challenges of DPI in India?
— What regulations need to be installed to protect against misuse of DPI?
— What is the significance of DPI?
Post Read Question:
(6) The farmer-centric Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) AgriStack consists of:
1. Farmers’ Registry
2. Geo-referenced Village Maps
3. Crop Sown Registry
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2, and 3
(d) None of the above
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
What we mean by good digital public infrastructure
Digital Public Infrastructure: The story of India’s digital revolution
UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: GS-I: Society
What’s the ongoing story- In the alleged death by suicide of a 21-year-old student at IIT Guwahati — a month after a 23-year-old was found dead in her hostel room at the institute — is another grim reminder of a looming public health crisis.
Prerequisites:
— What is mental wellbeing?
— What are the support system for tackling mental illness in India?
Key takeaways:
— According to data from the most recent National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report, 1.71 lakh people died by suicide in 2022. At 12.4 per 1,00,000 individuals, it is the highest ever rate recorded in the country. Globally, the number stands at a stark 7,26,000 people.
— That the widely-prevalent medical model is not sufficient to tackle this worldwide crisis has long been flagged by health professionals and suicide-prevention bodies.
— The conventional framework for suicide prevention has typically focused on individual risk factors such as family history, mental ill health, drug and alcohol use. This is the approach taken by India’s National Suicide Prevention Strategy, unveiled in November 2022, which laid out three objectives:
— One, establishing surveillance mechanisms for suicide; two, setting up psychiatric outpatient departments that will provide suicide prevention services and three, integrating a mental well-being curriculum in all educational institutions.
— What such an approach fails to account for, as the Lancet study points out, is the role played by social determinants, such as macroeconomic policies, healthcare coverage and social and cultural values, and commercial determinants like the alcohol and firearm industries, in exacerbating tendencies for self-harm.
— According to NCRB data, as many as 154 farmers and daily-wage labourers died by suicide everyday in 2022. In the same year, there were over 13,000 student suicides. The scale of the problem, which affects many sections of the population, calls for creative thinking on the part of the government, and for a wider policy approach that leaves no one behind.
Points to Ponder:
— How modern lifestyle has made our lives stressful?
— Why is there an increase in cases of suicide in education hubs?
— What are the initiatives to curb suicides?
Post Read Question:
Why suicide among young women is increasing in Indian society? (UPSC CSE 2023)
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
154 farmers, daily wagers die by suicide daily: NCRB report
UPSC Syllabus:
Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance
Mains Examination: GS-II: Government policies and interventions
What’s the ongoing story- The Centre has relaxed the “automatic exclusion” criteria under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G), allowing families owning “two-wheelers, motorised fishing boats, refrigerators, landline phones” and earning “up to Rs 15,000 per month” to now avail the rural housing scheme.
Prerequisites:
— What is the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)?
— What are the various components of PMAY?
— What is the ‘Housing for all’ scheme?
Key takeaways:
— Under PMAY-G, all households living in houses with pucca roof and/or pucca wall, and households in houses with more than two rooms were already filtered out. The exclusion criteria revision is significant in view of the Centre’s aim to construct two crore additional houses under the rural housing scheme by 2028-29. On August 9, the Union Cabinet approved a proposal of this effect.
— These two crore houses will be over and above the target of 2.95 crore rural houses set under the ‘Housing for All’ programme, of which 2.65 crore houses have already been completed so far.
— Prime Minister Narendra Modi is set release an instalment of Rs 2,745 crore to PMAY-G beneficiaries on September 15 in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.
— Under the PMAY-G, each beneficiary gets up to Rs 1.2 lakh in the plains and Rs 1.30 lakh in hilly states, difficult areas, and tribal and backward districts under the Integrated Action Plan (IAP).
— The Centre and states share expenses in the 60:40 ratio in case of plain areas, and 90:10 for Northeastern states, two Himalayan states and the UT of J&K. The Centre bears 100% cost in case of other UTs including Ladakh.
For Your Information:
— The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is a flagship housing credit-linked subsidy scheme launched by the Government of India in 2015 to provide affordable housing to the economically weaker sections and lower-income groups of the country.
Points to Ponder:
— What are the challenges of housing in India?
— What are the features of PMAY?
Post Read Question:
Prelims
(7) With reference to the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), consider the following statements:
1. The scheme was introduced in 2018.
2. The government aims to provide its beneficiaries with an interest subsidy to avail loans to purchase or build a house.
3. The beneficiary family should not have availed of any central assistance under any housing scheme from the Government of India.
4. Middle Income Group having annual income between ₹12 lakh and ₹18 lakh is not eligible for this scheme.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(d) 2 and 3 only
Mains
Discuss the various social problems which originated out of the speedy process of urbanization in India. (UPSC CSE 2013)
Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:
In first decision, Cabinet nod to 3 crore rural, urban houses under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
| PRELIMS ANSWER KEY |
| 1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) |
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