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— India is aiming to make the rupee a global currency. Pushing for a roadmap towards the internationalisation of the rupee, the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) inter-departmental group (IDG) on Wednesday said with India remaining one of the fastest-growing countries and showing remarkable resilience in the face of major headwinds, the rupee has the potential to become an internationalised currency.
— These recommendations are significant, in light of the economic sanctions imposed by the US on Russia for invading Ukraine and the growing clamour for finding an alternative to the US dollar for international transactions.
Hitesh Vyas Explains:
— Internationalisation is a process that involves increasing the use of the rupee in cross-border transactions.
— It involves promoting the rupee for import and export trade and then other current account transactions, followed by its use in capital account transactions. These are all transactions between residents in India and non-residents. The internationalisation of the currency, which is closely interlinked with the nation’s economic progress, requires further opening up of the currency settlement and a strong swap and forex market.
— More importantly, it will require full convertibility of the currency on the capital account and cross-border transfer of funds without any restrictions. India has allowed only full convertibility on the current account as of now.
— Currently, the US dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the pound sterling are the leading reserve currencies in the world. China’s efforts to make its currency renminbi has met with only limited success so far.
— Currently, the US dollar is said to enjoy an ‘Exorbitant Privilege’, which refers to the innumerable benefits that accrue to the US on account of all other countries of the world using the US dollar as their currency in most of their international transactions, among global currencies.
— The dollar’s position is supported by a range of factors, including the size of the US economy, the reach of its trade and financial networks, the depth and liquidity of US financial markets, and a history of macroeconomic stability and currency convertibility. Dollar dominance has also benefited from the lack of viable alternatives.
— According to the RBI’s working group, the obvious challenger to the US dollar dominance is the Chinese Renminbi. However, its ability to rival the US dollar will depend on future policies in both the US and China and the ability of the Chinese economy and its financial system to demonstrate the same long-term resilience, integrity, transparency, openness and stability, which are characteristics of the US economy.
— In the wake of the sanctions imposed on the Russian government, its public sector and even individuals linked to the government, many countries have become cautious of the price they may have to pay if they are subjected to similar sanctions by the Western governments. China, Russia and a few other countries have become more vocal in questioning the US dollar-dominated global currency system.
— They would like to reduce their reliance on the US dollar and its financial markets as well as their dependence on dominant international payment mechanisms based on the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT) messaging system.
— While the Asian crisis of 1997-1998 underscored the necessity of emerging market economies having strong foreign exchange reserves to manage external shocks, in an increasingly polarised world, it no longer seems a sufficient defence against the threat of economic sanctions.
— The RBI-appointed group feels that it is imperative for India to continue exploring alternatives to both the USD and the Euro.
— The use of the rupee in cross-border transactions mitigates currency risk for Indian businesses. Protection from currency volatility not only reduces the cost of doing business, it also enables better growth of business, improving the chances for Indian businesses to grow globally.
— While reserves help manage exchange rate volatility and project external stability, they impose a cost on the economy. Internationalisation of the rupee reduces the need for holding foreign exchange reserves. Reducing dependence on foreign currency will make India less vulnerable to external shocks.
— As the use of the rupee becomes significant, the bargaining power of Indian businesses would improve, adding weight to the Indian economy and enhancing India’s global stature and respect.
— The working group, headed by RBI Executive Director Radha Shyam Ratho, has recommended a slew of short to long term measures to accelerate the pace of internationalisation of the rupee.
— For the short term, the group has suggested adoption of a standardised approach for examining the proposals on bilateral and multilateral trade arrangements for invoicing, settlement and payment in the rupee and local currencies, encouraging the opening of the rupee accounts for non-residents both in India and outside India and integrating Indian payment systems with other countries for cross-border transactions.
— It suggested strengthening the financial market by fostering a global 24×5 rupee market and recalibration of the FPI (foreign portfolio investor) regime.
— Over the next two to five years, the group has recommended a review of taxes on masala (rupee-denominated bonds issued outside India by Indian entities) bonds, international use of Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) for cross-border trade transactions and inclusion of Indian Government Bonds in global bond indices.
— For the long term, the group has recommended that efforts should be made for the inclusion of the rupee in IMF’s (International Monetary Fund) SDR (special drawing rights). The SDR is an international reserve asset created by the IMF to supplement the official reserves of its member countries. The value of the SDR is based on a basket of five currencies — the U.S. dollar, the euro, the Chinese renminbi, the Japanese yen, and the British pound sterling.
(Source: Internationalisation of rupee: Why and what are the benefits? by Hitesh Vyas)
Point to ponder: As the Indian economy grows in size, as its trade linkages with other countries grow stronger, more space will be created for using the rupee in international transactions. Comment.
1. MCQ:
With reference to Economy, consider the following statements:
1. Internationalisation of the rupee reduces the need for holding foreign exchange reserves.
2. Currently, the Indian Rupee is said to enjoy an ‘Exorbitant Privilege’.
3. India has allowed only full convertibility on the capital account as of now.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are true?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Only 1 and 3
(d) Only 2 and 3
— Continuing an astonishing series of record-breaking warming events this year, the past Monday and Tuesday, July 3 and July 4, have been measured to be the hottest two days for the earth ever. July 3 was the first time that the global average daily temperature crossed the 17 degree Celsius mark. That record was broken within a day, with July 4 turning out to be even hotter.
— The average temperature on July 3 was measured to be 17.01 degree Celsius. The next day recorded 17.18 degree Celsius. Scientists expect more such record-breaking events in the near future.
Amitabh Sinha Explains:
— A 17 degree Celsius temperature may not appear to be particularly warm. But this temperature was not over any one place or region. Instead, this is a measure of the global average temperature for the day, the average over both land and ocean, including the ice sheets in the polar region and the snow of the high mountains where surface temperatures are well below zero degree Celsius.
— Average temperatures over oceans are around 21 degree Celsius, and oceans occupy nearly 70 per cent of the earth’s surface. The Antarctic Ice Sheet, where temperatures can easily drop to -50 degree Celsius, covers about 8.3 per cent of earth’s surface while the Greenland Ice Sheet, which includes the Arctic region and north pole, constitutes about 1.2 per cent. The glaciers and ice caps in the mountain are estimated to account for about another 0.5 per cent of the surface.
— So, while there are places that routinely experience temperatures in the high 40-plus degree Celsius range, the global average is relatively cool.
— Before the 17 degree Celsius mark was breached on June 3, the hottest daily temperature happened to be 16.92 degree Celsius, recorded in August 2016, amid one of the strongest El Nino events.
— It is no surprise that the latest record-breaking event has also been measured when an El Nino is developing.
— On Tuesday, the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) announced the formal onset of the El Nino phase in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean and warned that this could lead to further increases in temperature this year.
— The record-breaking temperature events of Monday and Tuesday were reported by the Climate Reanalyzer project of the University of Maine using data captured by the Climate Forecast System of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), which is part of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
“Though NCEP CFSR (the dataset in question) only begins in 1979, other datasets let us look further back and conclude that this day (Monday) was warmer than any point since instrumental measurements began, and probably for a long time before that as well,” said Robert Rohde, lead scientist of the Earth Team at the University of Berkeley, US, on Twitter.
“This (the new record) is driven by the combination of El Nino on top of global warming, and we may well see a few even warmer days over the next six weeks,” Rohde said.
— With the end of a strong La Nina phase that had subdued the global rise in temperatures for the past two years, 2023, right from its start, was predicted to be extremely hot. And the predictions have not been off the mark.
— The UK Met Office announced Tuesday that the past month was the hottest ever June for the UK. Before that, NOAA of the United States had measured this year’s March to be the earth’s second-warmest ever, May to be the third warmest ever, and February and April to be the fourth warmest ever.
— Canada is battling its worst forest fires ever, while China is in the midst of a severe heat wave, both events made at least five times more likely by climate change according to rapid attribution studies.
— El Nino, an abnormal warming of sea surface waters in the Pacific, off the northwestern coast of South America, is a large-scale climate driver known to have an overall warming effect on the planet.
— The WMO, in its annual State of Global Climate report published in May, had said that it was almost certain that at least one of the next five years (2023 to 2027) would turn out to be the warmest year on record, leaving 2016, the current record holder, behind. It had further said there was a 66 per cent chance that at least one of these years would also breach the 1.5 degree Celsius threshold, meaning that average global temperatures in that year would be at least 1.5 degree Celsius higher than pre-industrial times.
(Source: Earth records hottest day ever on July 4- Causes, what lies ahead by Amitabh Sinha)
Point to ponder: What is El Nino and how it impacts the monsoon?
2. MCQ:
With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)’ sometimes mentioned in the news while forecasting Indian monsoon, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC CSE 2017)
1. IOD phenomenon is characterised by a difference in sea surface temperature between the tropical Western Indian Ocean and the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.
2. An IOD phenomenon can influence an El Nino’s impact on the monsoon.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
— Nearly six years after the Supreme Court held privacy to be a fundamental right, the Centre has made a second attempt at framing legislation for protection of data.
— The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2022, a draft of which was floated in November, is expected to be tabled in Parliament’s Monsoon Session that begins on July 20. The Union Cabinet approved the draft Bill on Wednesday.
— While the contents of the Bill will remain confidential until it is brought in Parliament, The Indian Express has learnt that some of the most contentious issues flagged by experts in the November draft have been retained. These include the wide-ranging exemptions to the Centre and its agencies, and diluting the role of the data protection board.
Soumyarendra Barik Explains:
— The Bill, once it becomes law, will play a crucial role in India’s trade negotiations with other nations, and especially regions like the European Union, whose General Data Protection Rules (GDPR) are among the world’s most exhaustive privacy laws.
— The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2022, is a crucial pillar of the overarching framework of technology regulations the Centre is building, which also includes the Digital India Bill — the proposed successor to the Information Technology Act, 2000, the draft Indian Telecommunication Bill, 2022, and a policy for non-personal data governance.
— Last August, the government withdrew from Parliament an earlier version of the data protection Bill that had been almost four years in the making, after it had gone through multiple iterations and a review by a Joint Committee of Parliament, and faced pushback from a range of stakeholders including tech companies and privacy activists.
— The proposed law will apply to processing of digital personal data within India; and to data processing outside the country if it is done for offering goods or services, or for profiling individuals in India.
— It requires entities that collect personal data — called data fiduciaries — to maintain the accuracy of data, keep data secure, and delete data once their purpose has been met.
— A senior government official said the Bill is expected to allow “voluntary undertaking” — meaning that entities violating its provisions can bring it up with the data protection board, which can decide to bar proceedings against the entity by accepting settlement fees. Repeat offences of the same nature could attract higher financial penalties, the official said.
— The highest penalty — to be levied for failing to prevent a data breach — has been prescribed at Rs 250 crore per instance, it is learnt. Government officials have said in informal conversations that the definition of “per instance” is subjective — and could mean either a single instance of a data breach, or account for the number of people impacted, and multiply it by Rs 250 crore. All of this is, however, open to interpretation by the data protection board on a case-by-case basis.
What are the concerns around the draft Bill?
— The Bill approved by the Cabinet is understood to have largely retained the contents of the original version that was proposed in November 2022. This is especially true of some of the proposals that privacy experts had flagged earlier.
— Wide-ranging exemptions for the central government and its agencies, which were among the most criticised provisions of the previous draft, are understood to have been retained unchanged. The Bill is learnt to have prescribed that the central government can exempt “any instrumentality of the state” from adhering to the provisions on account of national security, relations with foreign governments, and maintenance of public order among other things.
— The control of the central government in appointing members of the data protection board — an adjudicatory body that will deal with privacy-related grievances and disputes between two parties — is learnt to have been retained as well. The chief executive of the board will be appointed by the central government, which will also determine the terms and conditions of their service.
— There is also concern that the law could dilute the Right to Information (RTI) Act, as personal data of government functionaries is likely to be protected under it, making it difficult to be shared with an RTI applicant.
What changes are likely?
— A key change in the final draft is learnt to have been made in the way it deals with cross-border data flows to international jurisdictions — moving from a ‘whitelisting’ approach to a ‘blacklisting’ mechanism.
— The Indian Express had earlier reported that the proposed law could allow global data flows by default to all jurisdictions other than a specified ‘negative list’ of countries — essentially an official blacklist of countries where transfers would be prohibited.
— The draft that was released for public consultation in November said the central government will notify countries or territories where personal data of Indian citizens can be transferred — that is, a ‘whitelist’ of jurisdictions where data transfers would be allowed.
— A provision on “deemed consent” in the previous draft could also be reworded to make it stricter for private entities, while allowing government departments to assume consent while processing personal data on grounds of national security and public interest.
(Source: Data Protection Bill approved by Cabinet- Content, concerns by Soumyarendra Barik)
Point to ponder: How does India’s proposal of data protection compare with other countries?
3. MCQ:
With reference to data protection, consider the following statements:
1. An estimated 137 out of 194 countries have still not put in place legislation to secure the protection of data and privacy, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).
2. The GDPR of US focuses on a comprehensive data protection law for processing of personal data.
Which of the above statement(s) is are true?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
— The CH3+ molecule, which is also known as methyl cation, has been detected in space for the first time by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The preliminary unedited results were published on June 26, 2023, in the journal Nature.
Deutsche Welle Writes:
— One of the most important unsolved problems of modern science is: How did life arise from non-living matter? We still don’t know but we have a good idea of what the required steps are, for instance, the formation of complex organic molecules, like amino acids, from simpler ones, like CH3+, or methylium.
— Organic molecules are carbon based. They contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms but can also bond to other elements, such as oxygen, nitrogen or phosphorus. Everything that makes us and all life on Earth is carbon based.
— CH3+ is a very simple organic molecule, just one carbon atom and 3 hydrogen atoms. But it reacts with other molecules to form more complex ones. Its presence in space tells us that basic building blocks for life are out there.
— “This CH3+ is an initiator of a lot of very interesting more complex reactions,” said Stephan Schlemmer, a professor of experimental physics at Cologne University in Germany. Schlemmer was part of an international team that worked on the latest findings.
— Scientists found the fingerprints of the CH3+ molecule in light coming from a swirling disk of dust and gas around a young star. The disk is in the Orion Nebula, 1,350 light years from Earth.
— The Orion Nebula is visible to the naked eye although you may only see a dot on Orion’s sword slightly below the belt.
— Visible light is just a fraction of the whole picture. But every atom and molecule absorbs or emits light uniquely, with its own specific color palette.
— For example, hydrogen, the simplest of atoms, when excited, emits a red glow, and if you view it through a prism, you will see four characteristic lines that make up its spectrum.
— Scientists call this technique spectroscopy and in space they use the James Webb Space Telescope to do it.
(Source: Why detecting carbon molecules in space matters by Deutsche Welle)
Point to ponder: Essay topic- Time moved slower when the universe was younger
4. MCQ:
With reference to Space Science, consider the following statements:
1. Presence of CH3 + molecule in space tells us that basic building blocks for life are out there.
2. CH3 + molecule has been detected in space for the first time by the Hubble Space Telescope.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
— Prime Minister Narendra Modi tweeted about Hul Diwas on June 30, remembering the sacrifice of Adivasis in their fight against British colonial authorities.
Abhishek Angad Explains:
— The Santal rebellion or ‘Hul’ – literally, revolution – began in 1855, two years before the the uprising of 1857, often referred to as “the first war for Indian independence”.
— It was an “organised war against colonialism” led by the Santals, standing against the myriad forms of oppression – economic and otherwise – they were subjected to by the British and their collaborators. Led by two brothers Sidhu and Kanhu, it saw the participation of as many as 32 caste and communities rallying behind them.
— The rebellion took place in the lush Damin-i-Koh region – ‘Damin-i-Koh’ meaning the ‘skirts of the hills’ – and took the British by complete surprise. This region falls in present-day Jharkhand, more specifically, around the Rajmahal Hills of eastern Jharkhand’s Sahibganj district.
— Every year, the state of Jharkhand celebrates June 30 as ‘Hul Diwas’, marking the beginning of the rebellion, even though some historical accounts date it to the first week of July instead.
— The Santal people – or Santalis – were not the original inhabitants of modern day Santhal Pargana – which includes the six districts of Dumka, Pakur, Godda, Sahibganj, Deoghar and parts of Jamtara. They had migrated from the Birbhum and Manbhum regions (present-day Bengal), starting around the late 18th century.
— The 1770 famine in Bengal caused the Santals to begin moving and soon, the British turned to them for help. With the enactment of the Permanent Settlement Act of 1790, the East India Company was desperate to bring an ever-increasing area in its control under settled agriculture. They, thus, chose the area of Damin-i-Koh, at the time heavily forested, to be settled by the Santals, in order to collect a steady stream of revenue.
— However, once settled, the Santals bore the brunt of colonial oppression. IAS officer (Retired) Ranendra, an authoritative figure on the tribal history of Jharkhand and currently the Director of Ram Dayal Munda Tribal Research Institute, told The Indian Express that the Santal migration was “forced” by the British merely to collect more revenue. Predatory money-lenders and the police were a byproduct of this system.
— Today, the Santal community is the third largest tribal community in India, spread across Jharkhand-Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal.
— The social conditions which drove the peasants to rebel against the British are succinctly described in a contemporary edition of the Calcutta Review.
“ Zamindars, the police, the revenue and court alas have exercised a combined system of extortions, oppressive extractions, forcible dispossession of property, abuse and personal violence and a variety of petty tyrannies upon Santhals. Usurious interest on loans of money ranging from 50 to 500 percent; false measures at the haut and the market; willful and uncharitable trespass by the rich by means of their untethered cattle, tattoos, ponies or even elephants, on the growing crops of the poorer race; and such like illegalities have been prevalent.”
— By 1854, there was talk of rebellion in tribal councils and meetings. The rebellion finally began after a massive assembly of over 6,000 Santhals representing around 400 villages that took place on June 30, 1855. With Sidhu and Kanhu taking the lead, the rebellion saw the mobilisation of Santal people across the region, who picked up arms and declared their autonomy from the British. Moneylenders and zamindars were executed or forced to flee, and police stations, railway construction sites and dak offices – all symbols of colonial rule – were attacked.
— As per some accounts, approximately 60,000 Santhals took part in this rebellion.
— A prevalent theory about the ‘Hul’ suggests that it was merely an an “unorganised chaotic uprising”. However, this is incorrect.
— There is evidence of a “direct denial” of British rule and a highly organised rebellion, states Jharkhand-based Ashwini Pankaj, in his book 1855 Hul Documents. The book presents evidence of “preparations related to the war such as formation of guerrillas and military teams, appointment of detectives, fixing of secret bases, logistics, network of message carriers for mutual coordination, etc.” which shows that the Hul was not unorganised, unplanned, or chaotic, but a “deliberate and well planned political war”.
— Ashwini Pankaj also says that many non-Adivasi Hindu castes too participated in the Hul and thus, calling it just a Santhal rebellion “would never be appropriate”, he says.
—TRI Director Ranendra says that there are accounts of excesses committed by the Britishers where in a bid to control the uprising they invoked the Martial Law, killed thousands, burned down villages after villages and hanged people on various corners of the road. He says that three important lessons emanate from the ‘Hul’–First, it was not merely the Santal community which fought but had the participation from 32 communities (tribals and non-tribals both).
— Second, he says that the sisters Phulo-Jhano had led an army of 1,000 women whose jobs included providing food supply, gathering information and also attacked the East Indian camps during the night. Third, which is the most interesting, Ranendra says: “The East India army was defeated twice during the rebellion. The first was in Pirpainti and the second in Birbhum–all part of lower Bengal then–and the narrative that the East India Company’s army could not be defeated was exposed.”
— As per the book compiled by Ashwini Pankaj, there are various personal narratives of Britishers, Church Mission Society among others. One particular report of AC Bidwell, who was the Special Commissioner for the suppression of the ‘Hul’, stands out.
— Bidwell in his letter to the Secretary to the Government of Bengal, Fort William said: “For the causes of insurrection…the manifestos of the insurgents (say) that there were grievances of…excessive taxation…prevalence of falsehood, negligence of Sahibs(Britishers), extortion of Mahajans, corruption and oppression.” However, after examining various accounts, he said that he found there were no signs of over taxation(land rent), but he felt more needed to be done to obviate the sufferings inflicted by ‘Mahajans’(money lending).
— Frederick Halliday, the first Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, account said: “…To the wild Sonthal, justice was far off and very difficult of access at Bhagalpur courts…It was no wonder that the ignorant and helpless Sonthals should fall easy victims to the unscrupulous mahajan. Once in the clutches of the usurers, they became with their families their bond slaves…(who) felt the contrast between themselves and free workers. Thus it was the grinding oppression of the Bengali mahajans on the semi savage Sonthals that was the main cause of the outbreak.”
— In the uprisings of tribal communities against Britishers or oppression, there are accounts of how a deity appeared in their dreams or before them asked to go on a particular path. Tribal icon Birsa Munda accounts by an IAS officer K Suresh Singh have also mentioned it in his book of a deity appearing in Munda’s dream. In the case of ‘Hul’ too similar accounts have come into picture.
— As per the book ‘HUL DOCUMENTS’, the judicial proceedings record of the ‘Examination of Kanoo Sonthal’, after he was taken captive, stated that a deity appeared in front of Kanoo and after he sent a ‘Parwana’ (an order) to the ‘Bada Sahib’ in Calcutta. The proceedings quoting Kanoo said: “…(in the parwana I wrote that)…the mahajans were committing great oppression and taking 20 pice for 1 and that I was to place them at a distance from Sonthals and if they do not go away, then to fight them.”
— The judicial proceedings of Seedo Sonthal stated, quoting him: “We consulted for two months ‘that Pontent (Mr Pontent was a Britisher who worked as incharge of the area) and others don’t listen to our complaints and no one acts as our Father and Mother then God descended from heaven in the form of cartwheel and said to me to kill Pontet and the Darogah and Mahajuns then you will have justice and Father, Mother.”
— Inder Kumar Choudhary, former HoD of History at Ranchi University, who has also written a book ‘From Region to Nation: The Tribal Revolts in Jharkhand 1855-58’, told The Indian Express that it was not that the 1855 uprising died down. “In 1857, when there was a mutiny (as reported the first such in British India), the Santals in Hazaribagh and Manbhum area(current Dhanbad and Purulia area)had also led a war against the Britishers. So the idea of ‘Hul’ rebellion did not die down with its suppression.”
(Source: Hul Diwas- Remembering the Santal rebellion against the British by Abhishek Angad)
Point to ponder: At a time when the ever lengthening shadow of ruthless nationalist capital threatens to cause a complete historic amnesia, memories of Santal and great revolts of 1855 against injustice help us in not allowing forgetfulness to become our collective destiny. Discuss.
5. MCQ:
After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what was/were the measure/measures taken by the colonial government? (UPSC CSE- 2018)
(1) The territories called `Santhal Parganas’ were created.
(2) It became illegal for a Santhal to transfer land to a non-Santhal.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Share your views, answers and suggestions in the comment box or at manas.srivastava@indianexpress.com
