UPSC Essentials: One word a day – Cervavac

Subject: Science and Technology (Health)

Relevance: Health issues, diseases and vaccines are very essential for prelims examination. Also, Cervical cancer is an important health issue to be aware of in general. Do not miss to solve the MCQ below.

Why in news?

— Union Minister of Science and Technology Dr. Jitendra Singh on September 1, announced the scientific completion of Cervavac, India’s first indigenously developed quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) vaccine for the prevention of cervical cancer.

— Despite being largely preventable, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women globally, according to the WHO. In 2018, an estimated 570,00 women were diagnosed with the disease and it accounted for 311,000 deaths across the world.

How common is cervical cancer in India?

— India accounts for about a fifth of the global burden of cervical cancer, with 1.23 lakh cases and around 67,000 deaths per year.

— Almost all cervical cancer cases are linked to certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus that is transmitted through sexual contact.

— While the body’s immune system usually gets rid of the HPV infection naturally within two years, in a small percentage of people the virus can linger over time and turn some normal cells into abnormal cells and then cancer, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

— Dr. Smita Joshi, the Principal Investigator for Serum Institute of India’s HPV vaccine study told The Indian Express in July that while cervical cancer is preventable if detected early and managed effectively, it kills one woman every 8 minutes in the country.

— “Screening and vaccination are two powerful tools that are available for preventing cervical cancer. Still, there is little awareness among women about the prevention of this cancer and less than 10% of Indian women get screened. All women aged 30-49 must get screened for cervical cancer even if they have no symptoms and get their adolescent daughters vaccinated with the HPV vaccine,” Dr Smita Joshi said.

Who developed the new qHPV vaccine?

— Cervavac was developed by the Pune-based Serum Institute of India in coordination with the Government of India’s Department of Biotechnology (DBT).

— Cervavac received market authorisation approval from the Drug Controller General of India on July 12 this year.

How effective is the new vaccine?

— HPV vaccines are given in two doses and data has shown that the antibodies that develop after both are administered can last up to six or seven years, according to Dr. Rajesh Gokhale.

— Unlike Covid vaccines, booster shots may not be required for the cervical cancer vaccine, he added.

— Until now, the HPV vaccines available in India were produced by foreign manufacturers at an approximate cost of Rs 2,000 to Rs 3,500 per dose.

— Cervavac is likely to be significantly cheaper, slated to cost approximately Rs 200 to 400.

— It has also demonstrated a robust antibody response that is nearly 1,000 times higher than the baseline against all targeted HPV types and in all dose and age groups.

What are the challenges?

— The biggest task will be in allocating adequate resources and manpower for vaccinating the massive demographic of adolescent girls aged between 9 and 15, to ensure that they are protected from HPV early on.

— According to Dr. Smita Joshi, there is a huge need for stepping up awareness about the disease and the vaccine in the community.

— “Unlike Covid and the vaccination programme, there is very little awareness about cervical cancer. Overall awareness and screening is very low in the community and that is a concern. This is a preventable disease and hence a huge awareness programme is required,” Dr Smita Joshi said.

(sources: Cervavac, India’s first indigenously developed vaccine for cervical cancer by Anuradha Mascarenhas, PIB, who.int)

Point to ponder: Home-grown cervical cancer vaccine could be a game-changer. Discuss.

MCQ:

Consider the following question and answer the following question.

1. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women globally.

2. Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed at an early stage and treated promptly.

3. HPV is mainly transmitted through sexual contact.

4. India accounts for about a third of the global burden of cervical cancer.

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

a) 1, 2 and 3

b) 2, 3 and 4

c) 1, 3 and 4

d) All of the above

Answer to the previous MCQ: UPSC Essentials: One word a day – ONDC (c)