The people of Bihar have delivered a mandate whose weight goes well beyond the arithmetic of seats. The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) has won 202 of the 243 seats in the Legislative Assembly, while the Bharatiya Janata Party alone has secured 89 seats, its best-ever performance in the state. The Mahagathbandhan has fallen to just 35 seats after having dominated Bihar’s politics for decades in various combinations. A turnout of 67.13 per cent out of more than 7.4 crore registered voters makes this one of the most intensely contested elections in the state’s recent history.
For years, much of the commentary on Bihar treated the state as if it were frozen in time. Elections were read as exercises in caste arithmetic, with social demography assumed to translate mechanically into political outcomes. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has done the unthinkable. Under PM Modi’s leadership, the grammar of Indian politics has shifted decisively towards development, inclusion and state capacity, and Bihar’s electorate has responded to that shift with unusual clarity.
The 2025 result reveals a more demanding voter, one who has looked at the contrast between the Bihar of insecurity and paralysis and the Bihar of improved governance. Many citizens have also expressed, in conversations and turnout patterns, that this election carried a sense of responsibility after the lower-than-expected mobilisation in the 2024 general election. They have drawn their own conclusions about where they want Bihar to stand in the country’s wider journey.
Over the last decade, Bihar has seen more than 55,000 kilometres of rural roads built or upgraded, linking villages to markets, schools and health centres. Millions of households have received electricity, drinking water and social security through a combination of central schemes and state programmes. Under Saubhagya and related initiatives, over 35 lakh households in Bihar were electrified, taking the state close to universal household connectivity. Under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, more than 57 lakh pucca houses have been sanctioned for Bihar, many registered in the names of women. Such figures speak to concrete change that people can see and touch: An all-weather road, a light that stays on, a tap that works, a home that provides dignity.
As these public goods spread, old labels lose some of their hold. Bihar’s society remains diverse and layered, yet those layers no longer behave like watertight containers in electoral terms. Women from different communities now share expectations about safety, mobility and opportunity. Young people from families that once stood at opposite ends of the social hierarchy now find themselves in the same coaching classes and labour markets. Their daily experiences draw them into a shared space of aspiration. In that space, the questions they ask of politics concern jobs, infrastructure, stability and fairness.
Parties that relied on family charisma and inherited networks have seen their legislative space contract sharply. Bihar has observed such formations at close quarters for several decades and understands their limits. The 2025 result suggests that voters are looking at how leaders conduct themselves in government, how they respond in crises, how they engage with institutions and how they use public resources. Where family backgrounds exist within the wider NDA, they are increasingly filtered through demands for hard work, organisational ability and a record of service.
Bihar has one of India’s youngest demographic profiles, and millions of citizens born after 2000 voted in this election. They have grown up in an India where expressways, digital payments, competitive federalism and ambitious welfare schemes shape expectations. They compare states, track announcements and judge leaders on the speed with which promises turn into visible change. For them, the difference between a road laid on time and a road that never leaves the file is not an abstract matter.
Young voters are alert to rhetoric that undermines institutions, flirts with separatist sentiment or trivialises national security. They engage critically with policy debates, including on unemployment and inequality, yet they draw a line between criticism that aims to improve the republic and narratives that appear indifferent to its cohesion. Bihar’s verdict reflects this distinction. Voters have responded to a political formation that speaks the language of both development and national purpose with unusual clarity.
Bihar’s elections were once associated with booth capturing and violence. Over recent years, and especially in this electoral cycle, those images have largely receded. Insurgency-affected pockets have been pushed back through the combined weight of firm security measures and economic development. Traders now keep their shops open longer, students travel with greater confidence, and families experience public life with less anxiety. An electorate that has seen this improvement does not ignore it when choosing its representatives.
Rather than reflecting on the reasons for their loss of support, some Opposition leaders have preferred to cast doubt on the Election Commission, on voter lists or on the fairness of the process itself. This posture does little justice to the intelligence and agency of Bihar’s voters. It also ignores the fact that the same institutional framework has produced outcomes favourable to the opposition in other states. The electorate expects a more serious engagement with its concerns than blanket denunciations of the system.
Bihar’s verdict strengthens an emerging pattern. At a time when several democracies grapple with polarisation, economic drift and institutional fatigue, India continues to register high participation, stable leadership and a policy trajectory centred on growth, inclusion and national strength. The Bihar result adds another layer of democratic endorsement to that trajectory. It suggests that voters in one of India’s most politically conscious states see their own progress intertwined with the country’s larger journey towards a developed and confident Bharat by 2047.
For the NDA, this mandate validates the emphasis on infrastructure, welfare delivery and security, yet it also raises expectations for faster job creation, deeper reforms and continual institutional improvement. Bihar’s voters have signalled that they expect a politics grounded in governance, seriousness and respect for national cohesion. Those expectations are likely to frame the grammar of Indian politics for years to come.
The writer is Union Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas
