England end the day's play at 274/4. Joe Root 124* and Stuart Broad 8/15 stars of the day for the hosts.
Anderson suffered a side strain after taking six first-innings wickets during the third Test victory at Edgbaston.
Australia go into the fourth Test at Trent Bridge trailing England 1-2 in the five-match series.
Mitchell Johnson became the fifth Australian bowler to take 300 Test wickets last week.
Pressure has been building on Michael Clarke, who has a meagre Ashes series total of 94 runs in six innings.
Clarke has struggled in English conditions and is averaging 18 compared to his Test career average of almost 50.
Johnson was subjected to prolonged vocal abuse as England won the third Ashes Test.
England have named Liam Plunkett and Mark Footitt in the squad for the next Test but who will replace Anderson?
The fourth Test starts Thursday in Trent Bridge with England enjoying a 2-1 lead in the series.
Haddin asked to be stood down for the Test at Lord's due to personal reasons and was not recalled for the 3rd.
From an 'unselectable' bowler to the hero of third Test, Finn has turned a corner and things are finally falling in place for the lanky seamer.
Michael Clarke's indifferent form has been matched by Adam Voges at five.
Ian Bell's composed knock helped England seal the third Test in comprehensive fashion on Friday.
Alastair Cook never had any doubts about his team mate who has scored 7,545 runs in 113 Tests.
From the 405-run defeat at Lord's, England bounce back to beat Australia inside three days at Edgbaston.
Anderson will no longer be available for the remainder of 3rd Ashes Test and will not take part at Trent Bridge.
England beat Australia in comprehensive fashion to go 2-1 up in the five-match series.
Steven Finn made his mark on the first morning on Wednesday when he captured the prize wicket of Steve Smith.
Australia hold a lead of 23 with three wickets remaining and three days to play after Steve Finn ripped their middle-order apart.
After conceding a 145-run lead, Australia, riding high on the brisk David Warner, are keeping England on their toes at Edgbaston.