Ancient martial arts traditions from around the world

Long before modern combat sports and martial arts schools, communities developed sophisticated systems for combat, self-defence, warfare and physical discipline. Many of these traditions were shaped by local weapons, cultures and philosophies and some have survived for centuries. From India's Kalaripayattu to Japan's ancient sumo traditions, these martial arts offer a glimpse into how different civilisations approached combat. (wikimedia commons)

Glima: Glima is a traditional Icelandic wrestling style with roots in the country's Viking Age heritage. Unlike many wrestling systems, competitors traditionally remain upright while attempting to use grips, balance and technique to throw or unbalance their opponent. The practice remains an important part of Iceland's cultural heritage. (wikimedia commons)

Kalaripayattu: Often described as one of the world's oldest martial traditions, Kalaripayattu developed in Kerala and combines physical conditioning, hand-to-hand combat and weapons training. Practitioners traditionally train with weapons such as swords, spears and flexible whips, while also learning movements designed to build agility and coordination. (wikimedia commons)

Krav Maga: Developed in the 20th century, Krav Maga is not ancient, so it would be better to replace it with Muay Thai for this list. Muay Thai, also known as the “art of eight limbs,” evolved from older Thai fighting traditions and uses the fists, elbows, knees and shins. Historically, it was practised for combat and military training before becoming an internationally popular combat sport. (wikimedia commons)

Pankration: Pankration was an ancient Greek combat sport that combined techniques resembling wrestling and boxing. Introduced into the Olympic Games in 648 BCE, it allowed competitors to use a wide range of grappling and striking techniques. Only a few actions, such as biting and eye-gouging, were prohibited. (wikimedia commons)

Silambam: Originating in Tamil Nadu, Silambam is an ancient weapon-based martial art traditionally centred on the use of a long bamboo staff. Practitioners learn intricate footwork, rapid movements and techniques for attacking and defending with the staff. The tradition has been closely associated with Tamil martial culture for centuries. (facebook: Saamukyana Silamba Koodam)

Sumo: Japan's sumo has roots in ancient rituals and traditions connected with Shinto. Early forms of wrestling were associated with ceremonies intended to please the gods and ensure a successful harvest. Over centuries, sumo evolved into the highly ritualised professional sport recognised today. (wikimedia commons)