India among top five deadliest countries for journalists: Reporters Without Borders

“They were joined this year by India and the Philippines,which replaced Mexico and Brazil,although the number of journalists killed in Brazil,five,was the same as last year.”

Overall,the number of journalists killed in connection with their work this year fell by 20 per cent compared with 2012,which was an “exceptionally deadly” year with a total of 88 deaths,RSF said.

But there was a big increase in the number of journalists kidnapped,from 38 in 2012 to 87 in 2013 — more than half in Syria.

“Abductions gained pace in Syria in 2013 and became more and more systematic in nature,deterring many reporters from going into the field,” the watchdog said. “At least 18 foreign journalists and 22 Syrian news providers are currently abducted or missing.”

Among the missing is James Foley,a US freelancer and AFP contributor who was seized by armed men in the northern province of Idlib in November last year.

Nearly 40 per cent of the deaths this year occurred in conflict zones like Syria,Somalia,Mali or the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh,a resource-rich hotbed of left-wing extremism.

“The other journalists were killed in bombings,by armed groups linked to organised crime (including drug trafficking),by Islamist militias,by police or other security forces,or on the orders of corrupt officials,” the group said.

RSF said the violence of the Syrian conflict had forced at least 31 professional and citizen-journalists to leave their country this year.

“Many of them are now in Turkey,Jordan,Lebanon or Egypt,destitute and vulnerable,” it said.

“Victims of xenophobia and accused of being Muslim Brotherhood supporters in Egypt,interrogated and threatened by the security services in Jordan,and threatened by pro-Assad militias in Lebanon,their situation often continues to be extremely precarious.”

The group said at least 178 journalists were currently in prison around the world,including in China,Eritrea,Turkey,Iran and Syria.