UPSC Key: New mobile phone manufacturing scheme, RBI’s forex swap, and E20

Mains Examination: General Studies-II, III: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation, Indian Economy.

What’s the ongoing story: After turning India into a major assembly hub for global smartphone makers, the Centre’s new Rs 62,500-crore mobile phone manufacturing scheme is attempting to tackle two unfinished parts of the country’s electronics story: keeping large-scale production growing after the first smartphone production linked incentive (PLI) scheme has run its course, and creating an Indian smartphone brand that can compete with the foreign companies dominating the domestic market.

Key Points to Ponder:

— What is the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme?

— What is the significance of PLI schemes in strengthening India’s electronics manufacturing sector?

— What are the key features of the new mobile phone manufacturing scheme? 

— What are the major objectives of the new mobile phone manufacturing scheme? 

— What are the challenges in the path of building a strong domestic electronics industry in India?

— How can India reduce its dependence on foreign companies in the electronics sector?

Key Takeaways:

— The five-year scheme, which will run from FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31, has consequently been split into two distinct tracks. The first is designed as a successor to the earlier PLI programme, offering incentives to large manufacturers and electronics manufacturing services (EMS) companies for expanding production, while increasingly linking benefits to the domestic sourcing of components.

— The second sets aside a separate incentive structure for Indian smartphone brands, offering higher support for companies that not only manufacture in the country but also keep their intellectual property, management control, design and research and development capabilities in India. It marks an effort to move beyond India being primarily a manufacturing base for global brands, towards building a domestic handset company with its own technology and brand.

— The first component is the direct successor to the smartphone PLI and is aimed at companies manufacturing at scale, including EMS companies.

— To qualify, a manufacturer must have recorded at least Rs 10,000 crore in turnover in FY 2025-26. For existing brands, sales must increase by at least Rs 5,000 crore over FY26 levels in the first year, with the threshold rising cumulatively to Rs 10,000 crore in FY28, Rs 15,000 crore in FY29, Rs 20,000 crore in FY30 and Rs 25,000 crore in FY31.

— Unlike the original PLI, the baseline itself will also move every year: it will be calculated as the preceding financial year’s sales plus 15%. Incentives will then be paid on sales above this baseline, subject to the annual threshold being met. The thresholds are calculated on a brand-wise basis, and the sales counted towards them can include exports.  

— One of the more consequential aims of the new scheme is to incentivise the creation of a homegrown smartphone brand, a clear signal that the government’s ambition for the electronics sector is moving beyond simply attracting factories and boosting assembly.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍 How a tiny electronic component is slowly driving up inflation in India

India and Mauritius sign five-year fuel supply pact

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Main Examination: General Studies-II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

What’s the ongoing story: India and Mauritius have deepened their energy partnership with a five-year agreement under which Indian Oil Corporation will supply the island nation’s entire import requirement of petrol, diesel and aviation turbine fuel, strengthening New Delhi’s role as a key energy-security partner in the Indian Ocean.

Key Points to Ponder:

— What is the history of India and Mauritius relations?

— What is the history of India and Mauritius relations?

— What is India’s ‘Security and Growth for All in the Region’ (SAGAR) policy?

— What is the MAHASAGAR doctrine?

— What is the role of Mauritius in India’s broader strategy for the Indian Ocean Region?

— How does the MAHASAGAR doctrine reflect India’s evolving maritime vision in the Indian Ocean Region?

— How does India’s relationship with Mauritius serve as a counterbalance to China’s growing influence in the Indian Ocean Region?

— Map Work: Mauritius.

Key Takeaways:

— The agreement was exchanged during Petroleum Minister Hardeep Singh Puri’s official visit to Mauritius on August 20-21, alongside a government-to-government memorandum of understanding (MoU) to expand cooperation in oil and gas, including petroleum product supplies, training and capacity building, and biofuels.

— The long-term sales and purchase agreement between IOC and Mauritius’ State Trading Corporation is designed to provide Mauritius with assured supplies and reduce its exposure to price volatility, an official statement said.

Do You Know:

— Mauritius, a strategically located island nation in the western Indian Ocean, is an important neighbour for India. A key reason for the special ties is that people of Indian-origin comprise nearly 70% of the island’s population of 1.2 million.

— Mauritius was among the first few countries with which independent India established diplomatic relations in 1948.

— Bilateral trade between India and Mauritius increased from USD 206.76 million in 2005–06 to USD 851.13 million in 2023–24, with Indian exports valued at USD 778.03 million and Mauritian exports at USD 73.10 million in the latest fiscal year. India’s main exports include pharmaceuticals, cereals, cotton, prawns, and meat, while Mauritius exports vanilla, medical devices, aluminium alloys, and refined copper.

— Mauritius has also been a major source of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into India. A milestone in economic cooperation was the signing of the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement (CECPA) on February 22, 2021, effective from April 1, 2021—India’s first trade agreement with any African country.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Why Mauritius matters

📍India–Mauritius partnership and the new maritime geopolitics

UPSC Prelims Practice Question Covering similar theme:

(1) Which of the following is/are an archipelagic nation in the Indian Ocean?

1. Seychelles

2. Fiji

3. Sri Lanka

4. Madagascar

5. Mauritius

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only

(b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only

(c) 1, 2, and 4 only

(d) 1 and 5 only

RBI’s forex swap window attracts $72.85 bn till Aug 21

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national importance and Economic Development.

Mains Examination: General Studies-III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation of resources, growth, development.

What’s the ongoing story: With nine days left for the closure of special forex swap facility, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on Saturday said the scheme has attracted $72.85 billion in foreign exchange inflows till August 21, underscoring the strong response to the central bank’s measure to augment forex liquidity and support the rupee. 

Key Points to Ponder:

— What are Foreign Currency Non-Resident (Bank) deposits? 

— What is the Reserve Bank of India’s foreign exchange swap facility? 

— What is the significance of RBI’s foreign exchange swap facility in managing external sector stability?

— How FCNR(B) deposits strengthen India’s foreign exchange reserves?

— What are External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs)?

— What is the impact of the West Asia Crisis on India’s external sector?

— What are advantages and limitations of using swap facilities? 

Key Takeaways:

— Data reported by authorised dealer banks to the RBI show that Foreign Currency Non-Resident (Bank), or FCNR(B) deposits accounted for the overwhelming share of the inflows at $65.397 billion. This was followed by Overseas Foreign Currency Borrowings (OFCBs) at $4.86 billion and External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs) at $2.591 billion.

— On August 14, the RBI decided to close its special forex swap facility prematurely on August 31, following an “encouraging response” as against the initial deadline of September 30.

— The swaps against FCNR(B) deposits mobilised under the facility, however, can be undertaken with the RBI till September 11.

— With the dollar-rupee stabilising in the 95-handle, portfolio flows gradually returning, and the various funding windows likely having raised around 70billion-75 billion in aggregate, equivalent to 10-12% of prevailing foreign exchange reserves, the urgency for policymakers to maintain extraordinary support measures has diminished significantly, said Radhika Rao, ED and Senior Economist, DBS Bank.

— The RBI may have closed the swap facility prematurely, with some suggesting that the high cost of hedging these deposits may have played a role. The potential cost to the RBI could be around 15% of the amount raised. Assuming $70 billion is raised through the facility, this would translate into a cost of around $10.5 billion, according to an SBI Research report.

— The RBI had introduced the special USD-rupee concessional swap facility on June 8 to encourage fresh foreign currency inflows through FCNR(B) deposits as well as eligible OFCB and ECB inflows. The facility was aimed at strengthening domestic liquidity and providing support to the foreign exchange market at a time when the rupee and the country’s forex reserves had come under pressure.

— The latest inflow data shows that FCNR(B) deposits have emerged as the principal channel through which banks have raised foreign currency under the scheme.

— The RBI offers banks concessional swap arrangements against eligible foreign currency inflows, enabling them to access rupee liquidity while bringing foreign currency into the domestic financial system.

Do You Know:

— FCNR(B) deposits are fixed-term deposits that can be maintained by non-resident Indians, Overseas Citizens of India and Persons of Indian Origin in designated foreign currencies. Unlike ordinary rupee deposits, these deposits allow overseas Indians to retain their savings in currencies such as the US dollar, pound sterling, euro, Japanese yen, Australian dollar and Canadian dollar.

— Interest earned on FCNR(B) deposits is exempt from income tax in India as long as the depositor qualifies as a non-resident under Indian tax laws.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Knowledge Nugget: What are FCNR (B) deposits and swap scheme?

UPSC Prelims Practice Question Covering similar theme:

(2) Consider the following statements with reference to Foreign Currency Non-Resident (Bank) [FCNR(B)] deposits:

1. FCNR(B) deposits can be opened by Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs), and Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs).

2. These deposits are maintained in designated foreign currencies and do not require conversion into Indian rupees.

3 The interest earned on FCNR(B) deposits is exempt from income tax in India as long as the depositor qualifies as a non-resident under Indian tax laws.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2, and 3

 

POLITICS

Delhi-Dhaka chill: Jaishankar flags mutual interests, common ground

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: General Studies-II: India and its Neighborhood-Relations.  

What’s the ongoing story: Amid the ongoing diplomatic tug-of-war between India and Bangladesh, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar said on Saturday that they have to look at “mutual interests” and meet at a “common ground”. 

Key Points to Ponder:

— Know the history of the India-Bangladesh relations.

— What are the areas of cooperation between India and Bangladesh?

— What are the challenges in India-Bangladesh ties?

— What is the significance of Bangladesh for India?

— What is the India-Bangladesh Extradition Treaty (2013)? Under what circumstances can extradition be refused under such a treaty? 

— What is the Neighbourhood First policy of India?

— Map work: Location of Bangladesh and Indian states sharing boundaries with Bangladesh. 

Key Takeaways:

— His remarks come at a time when Bangladesh Prime Minister Tarique Rahman’s visit to India is facing uncertainty over the issue of extradition of ousted Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina.

— Ties between the two countries, severely strained following the August 2024 ouster of PM Sheikh Hasina who sought refuge in India, had been looking up after Rahman took charge of Bangladesh in February this year. But Hasina’s public interaction in New Delhi via an audio link on August 5 — it marked two years of her ouster — angered Dhaka, which has been seeking her extradition to Bangladesh where she faces a death sentence. It also cast a shadow over Rahman’s visit to India, which is being explored by the two sides.

— At a time when the world faces conflicts and intense competition, Jaishankar also said that “de-risking” is the strategy to move forward. “De-risking would be my biggest mantra and the second would be to diversify. So the more partners, more sources that you have, clearly to that extent, you have de-risked it,” he said.

Do You Know:

— India and Bangladesh share a unique relationship rooted in a common cultural heritage, shared principles, and values. However, there are some challenges to India-Bangladesh bilateral ties.

— Several issues remain between the two countries. First, the renewal of the 1996 Ganges Water Treaty, about which Bihar and West Bengal have reservations. Second, the agreement on Teesta water-sharing. Third, the formal extradition of Sheikh Hasina. Fourth, normalising cross-border trade. 

— Given Bangladesh’s shifting politics and changing strategic environment, these issues have renewed relevance. Regarding extradition, the treaty contains a ground for refusing extradition in cases of political offences. Specifically, Article 6 of the treaty refuses extradition for politically motivated cases.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍UPSC Issue at a Glance | Bangladesh Crisis and India: 4 Key Questions You Must Know for Prelims and Mains  

UPSC Prelims Previous year and Practice Questions Covering similar theme:

(3) With reference to river Teesta, consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2017)

1. The source of river Teesta is the same as that of Brahmaputra but it flows through Sikkim.

2. River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is a tributary of river Teesta.

3. River Teesta flows into Bay of Bengal on the border of India and Bangladesh.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

(4) How many of the following states share the borders with the Bangladesh?

1. Assam

2. West Bengal

3. Tripura

4. Mizoram

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) One only

(b) Two only

(c) Three only

(d) All four

Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:

Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive role in the emergence of Bangladesh. (UPSC CSE 2013)

 

OPINION

About E20:Why choice, pricing matter

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national importance and economic development.

Mains Examination: General Studies-II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors.

What’s the ongoing story: P Vaidyanathan Iyer writes- “The ethanol-petrol debate refuses to abate on the streets, and just like the Cockroach Janta Party’s Jantar Mantar NEET protest, it is getting traction on Instagram, and other social media platforms.” 

Key Points to Ponder:

— What is ethanol?

— Ethanol is classified into four “generations” (1G to 4G) based on the raw materials used. Can you recall that?

— What do you understand by the ‘blend of ethanol fuel’ or ethanol blending?

— What is E20?

— What is the significance of ethanol blending?

— What are the problems with using a higher ethanol blend in petrol for engines?

— Why is the government facing backlash for the shift to a higher blend of ethanol fuel?

Key Takeaways:

— “The government is finding it challenging to quell public disenchantment and turn opinion in favour of E20 (petrol blended with 20 per cent ethanol). There are reasons beyond politics why reasoned communication by the government is being disregarded by people, and there are possible solutions, which are being resisted by the government due to big implementation hurdles.”

— “But some in the government have their ears to the ground, are filtering the noise, and picking the right signals. They are looking behind to see what could have been done to incentivise those who feel shortchanged on mileage due to E20 rollout. And now, thinking ahead, if something is still possible to win them back. In India, they understand mileage and price are two key aspects that influence decision-making in lower and middle-income families.”

— “There is no doubt, ethanol blending has many advantages. It cuts fossil fuel use, produces lower carbon emissions, reduces dependence on imports, saves precious foreign exchange, and insulates the country from the vagaries of  geo-politics that affect supplies. While this may be appreciated by those affected, they are not convinced how all this translates into benefits for them.”

— “They don’t get it, because as a government officer explains, the consumer is not seeing a tangible price benefit despite bearing the cost of a lower mileage. And this is because the consumer does not have a choice.”

— “For example, when petrol pumps started dispensing E5, could they have offered it alongside petrol? Consumers then have a choice. They could be incentivised to transition to E5 by being charged lower than petrol for this blended fuel. Similarly, for E10, and now E20. Differential pricing becomes an incentive; consumers would make peace with a 3-5 per cent lower mileage because of a lower-priced E20 compared with E10.”

— “To be fair, the government has tried to explain the advantages of E20 by comparing India’s retail fuel prices with that of other countries in South Asia and Europe. The petrol price hike in India between June 2022 and June 2026 was in the lower single digits, at less than 6 per cent, whereas it was more than 15 per cent in European countries, and more than 20 per cent in South Asian countries.”

— “The transition from E10 to E20 happened in four years. Given the West Asia crisis, it is possible the government was worried about its impact on oil prices in the long term. It is possible prices could remain higher for longer. It has not played out that way, but uncertainty prevails in the region, and the motivation for transitioning to E20 could be many. When global crude oil is at $70 a barrel or less, E20 is costlier to produce than pure petrol, according to government estimates. Ethanol becomes much cheaper at relatively high global crude oil prices of $120-130 a barrel.”

— “Clearly, for many reasons, moving away from fossil fuels is a long-term strategic imperative. Ethanol blended fuel is definitely an alternative, but requires behavioural changes among consumers. It is here that public policy gets interesting, and challenging. Offering consumers a choice of fuel and making them see a price advantage will make a difference.”

Do You Know:

— Last year, India achieved 20% ethanol blending in petrol, five years before target. E20 fuel, denoting 80 parts petrol to 20 parts of ethanol, is now the standard petrol variant nationwide.

— “The use of E20 fuel provides greater acceleration, riding quality, and, most importantly, reduces carbon emissions by approximately 30% when compared to E10. Ethanol’s higher octane rating (approximately 108.5 compared to petrol’s 84.4) makes ethanol-blended fuels a viable alternative for higher-octane requirements, which are critical for modern high-compression engines. Vehicles modified for E20 provide faster acceleration, which is critical in city driving circumstances. Furthermore, the increased heat of vaporisation in ethanol lowers intake manifold temperatures, increasing air-fuel combination density and volumetric efficiency, according to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG).

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍Ethanol policy must count in water, sustainability costs 

UPSC Prelims Practice Question Covering similar theme:

(5) What are the significant advantages of the E20 fuel?

1. Better acceleration and ride quality

2. Low carbon emissions

3. Lower-octane number as compared to petrol

4. Decreases air-fuel mixture density

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 1, 2 and 4

(c) 2, 3 and 4

(d) 3 and 4 only

Previous year UPSC main Question Covering similar theme:

“Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”.Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (UPSC CSE 2018) 

Unemployment is not about just education

Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national importance and economic development.

Mains Examination: General Studies-II, III: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors, Indian economy. 

What’s the ongoing story: Pulapre Balakrishnan writes- “In the nationwide protests that followed the leakage of the NEET paper, students had demanded more than just a fair examination system. They had highlighted the poor quality of higher education and the challenge of youth unemployment. While the youth are right to perceive the education system as ripe for drastic reforms, it would be appropriate not to attribute all of current unemployment to poor education.”

Key Points to Ponder:

— Who is ‘employed’ and ‘unemployed’ in economic terms?

— What are the trends in unemployment in India?

— How is unemployment measured in India?

— What are the various initiatives taken by the government to curb unemployment?

— What are the challenges of these initiatives?

— What are the major causes of youth unemployment in India?

— How does slowing aggregate demand affect employment generation?

— What measures should be taken to increase aggregate demand and create more employment opportunities?

Key Takeaways:

— “Two strands of evidence suggest this. First, unemployment in countries with far superior educational systems is higher than in India today — Finland and Sweden being two examples. Within India, there is Kerala, which has a better-educated workforce but still has a high youth unemployment rate. Second, if educational qualifications and skills are scarce in India, the real wage of skilled workers must rise, but we see little of that happening currently.”

— “Even in India’s IT sector, apart from those with AI-related competency or working in the Global Capability Centres of multinationals, wage increases for the remaining employees are not particularly high. This is not to say that education and skills do not matter. They matter for productivity. Economy, though, is related to aggregate demand for goods. The demand for labour is a derived demand; it exists due to a demand for goods.”

— “Everything points to a slowing of aggregate demand growth in India over the last decade. Seven out of the 11 sectors at the initial level of disaggregation of national income slowed, three grew at the same rate as before, and only one grew faster. The sector that grew faster was real estate, which is neither large nor one employing many. With such a comprehensive slowdown in the economy, a slackening in the demand for labour would have occurred.

— “But why did the economy slow? Both short-term and long-term factors are responsible. There is by now sufficient evidence to show that the trigger was the demonetisation of 2016. Growth slowed annually over the next three years before output actually contracted in 2020-21 due to Covid. As expected, the economy rebounded after the lockdown, but that could not prevent a decline in the average growth rate.”

— “There are two long-term factors. The first is the slowdown in capital formation — or investment — from 2009-10…While the impact on welfare — of food becoming more expensive — is immediately understood, its consequence for growth, and therefore for employment, is not.” 

— “There is evidence that the real wage in India has stagnated for most rural workers for nearly a decade, and that real earnings have declined for regular workers and the self-employed. So, consumption expenditure, which represents demand, have been impacted.” 

— “Only when the employment crisis India faces today is understood can the necessary corrective action be taken. While India owes its youth the best education, public policy must aim to keep India’s aggregate demand for goods high.”

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

📍UPSC Essentials | Society and Social Justice : Unemployment and associated issues (Part 1) 

Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme:

(6) “A category of unemployment arising from the mismatch between the jobs available in the market and the skills of the available workers in the market.” Which type of unemployment is being discussed here? (UPSC CSE 2021)

(a) Cyclical Unemployment

(b) Frictional Unemployment

(c) Structural Unemployment

(d) Disguised Unemployment

ALSO IN NEWS

Around 8.7 crore youth not studying, working or undergoing training: NITI

— An estimated 8.7 crore Indians aged 15 to 29 were not studying, working or undergoing training in 2021, according to NITI Aayog’s report ‘Reimagining Skilling for Viksit Bharat@2047’. The figure points to a large section of young people who are not making a direct transition from education to employment or skill development.

— The report, based on data from the 78th round of the National Sample Survey, identifies this group as NEET youth — those not in education, employment or training, including unemployed people. NITI Aayog said this group, along with women, needs affordable or subsidised training and financial support, while skilling programmes should be linked to local demand, self-employment opportunities and emerging sectors.

— One of the concerns highlighted by the report is the weak link between formal education and employment. Only 8.25 per cent of graduates are employed in roles aligned with their qualifications, it said. Limited practical exposure and industry-aligned training continue to affect employability even among formally educated young people.

— The report said students from low-income households often cannot afford additional paid skilling alongside college expenses and private tuition. After graduation, some take up whatever work provides a stable income, even when it is low-paying, while others struggle to enter the workforce and become NEET. 

Govt forms panel for ‘permanent political solution’ to Gorkha issue

— The Centre on Saturday constituted a committee to find a “permanent political solution” to the Gorkha identity issue in the Darjeeling hills and adjoining areas, officials said following a key meeting of Gorkha leaders with Union Home Minister Amit Shah and West Bengal government in Siliguri.

— The new panel has been tasked with preparing a report on resolving the Gorkha issue within the Constitutional framework, and submit its findings to the Centre. 

AFT upholds action against Brigadier over J&K custodial killings

— The Chandigarh Bench of the Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT) has upheld the Indian Army’s decision awarding “severe displeasure” to Brigadier P Acharya in connection with the 2023 killing of three civilians during alleged custodial torture by Rashtriya Rifles troops he was commanding in Jammu and Kashmir’s Topa Pir area in the border district of Poonch. 

— The Bench asserted that “emotions cannot override military discipline and the legal obligation to treat the civilians humanely” for troops involved in follow-up operations after having lost their brothers-in-arms. 

— There are two types of punishments in the Army — Disciplinary Action for acts of indiscipline, primarily when the individual is directly involved, and Administrative Action for lapses or actions that should have been avoided.

— ‘Severe Displeasure’ is an Administrative Action taken based on the findings of a court of inquiry, after which a show cause notice is given. The reply to the show cause notice is taken into cognisance before action is taken.

— ‘Severe Displeasure’ is a serious punishment that potentially impacts career growth, though it does not impact pay and allowances or any other privilege of the officer. It is restricted to officers and not given to other ranks.

Canada vows retaliatory move as US puts 50% tariffs on some goods

— Canada will impose tariffs on imports from the United States starting September 8, Prime Minister Mark Carney said on Saturday, retaliating against President Donald Trump’s new 50% tariffs after the two long-standing allies failed to reach a trade deal. 

— The new U.S. tariff took effect just after midnight on about $20 billion of Canadian goods, including wine, furniture, dairy products, cement, clothing, fishing rods, and hockey equipment. 

— They cover just over 5% of Canada’s exports to the United States and do not qualify for preferential treatment under the US-Mexico-Canada free trade agreement.

PRELIMS ANSWER KEY

1. (d)  2. (d)  3. (b)  4. (d)  5. (a)   6. (c)

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