Bengal’s Waters

The pipeline traverses nearly 800 km north-east from the island of Kyaukpyu (pronounced “Tchapru”) to enter Yunnan. It is designed to carry nearly 12 billion cubic metres of gas per year,nearly a third of current Chinese imports of natural gas. A small portion of the gas will be consumed along the way in Myanmar.

Myanmar and China announced the project in 2008 after Yangon failed to secure an agreement with New Delhi and Dhaka on a trilateral pipeline project that was endlessly debated but could not be moved forward.

Work began on the project after Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited Myanmar in 2010. That it took barely three years to complete it underlines China’s purposeful implementation of major cross-border projects.

Despite the recent setbacks to Chinese investments in Myanmar,Beijing’s economic presence in the country will continue to grow. While Myanmar looks for more commercial partners,China is likely to remain its most important one.

In 2011,Myanmar ordered the suspension of work on the Myitsone hydel project that was being developed by China Power Investment Corporation,creating a big flutter in the relations between Yangon and Beijing.

Lack of a credible assessment of environmental impact,the massive displacement of people and the plans to ship most of the electricity to Yunnan saw largescale protests by the local population,compelling Yangon to act.

More recently,protests have enveloped a major project by China’s Norinco Company to develop one of the world’s largest copper deposits in Myanmar. Meanwhile,Beijing’s ambitious infrastructure projects are connecting China to the Bay of Bengal through Myanmar.

KYAUKPYU TERMINUS

The natural gas pipeline is only one of the many projects that are centred on the Kyaukpyu Island. CNPC is also building an oil pipeline along the same alignment as the gas pipeline. The oil pipeline is expected to carry nearly 22 million tonnes of oil a year from Kyaukpyu to Yunnan.

An oil terminal is being built by Chinese companies near port de Bruno,the capital of Kyaukpyu special administrative zone. Once operational,ultra-large crude carriers (ULCC) sailing back and forth from Kyaukpyu will be a common sight in the Bay of Bengal.

This large capacity oil transportation route will not be an alternative to the Malacca Straits — through which most of Chinese oil imports pass through. But it will provide a useful complement and a short-cut to moving hydrocarbons into western China.

China also plans to build a highway between Kyaukpyu and Yunnan as well as a high-speed rail link. Chinese companies are developing a large special economic zone in Kyaukpyu and power plants to fuel it.

Beijing also has plans to build a deep water commercial seaport at Kyaukpyu’s natural harbour. The betting is that Kyaukpyu could become a major port for transshipment in the Bay of Bengal.

Authorities in Yangon are reportedly considering China’s plans to build a “mini-Singapore” on the Kyaukpyu Island. Chinese investments in Kyaukpyu could amount to nearly $100 billion if all the current plans materialise over the next two decades.

Would it be illogical,then,for Beijing to consider securing its massive investments in Kyaukpyu with a credible naval presence in the Bay of Bengal?

DREAMING SOUTH

It was the British Raj that first thought of developing a transport corridor into western China through Myanmar in the late 19th century. The Raj of course lacked the financial resources. Its successors in Delhi could not imagine the economic possibilities of the Bay of Bengal. But Beijing’s rulers in the 20th century have never stopped dreaming of the southern waters.

The Qing dynasty in the early 20th century considered building roads to the Bay of Bengal through Myanmar. The nationalist government that followed drew up plans for a rail link to the Indian Ocean. In the 1950s,the People’s Republic considered similar proposals. As China’s resources now match Beijing’s ambitious policy of “looking south”,the Bay of Bengal will never be the same again.

The writer is a distinguished fellow at the Observer Research Foundation,Delhi and a contributing editor for ‘The Indian Express’