The Idea of Indira

This diffidence continued till 1969. With successive monsoon failures,dependence on imported foodgrain and political instability in the 1967 general elections the Congress ceded space to a united opposition in many regions. Within the Congress,the old guard could barely suffer her. The external security environment was a mess with the growing China-Pakistan bond and a six-day skirmish with the Chinese at Nathula in 1967. The internal situation was worse,with Naga and Mizo insurgencies at their peak and the Dravidian movement still mostly in the separatist state of its evolution. But she learnt on the job faster than anybody imagined. She stayed left-of-centre but unhesitatingly embraced America on project green revolution. The success in both,the purge of the uncles and agriculture,gave her the assurance of a leader in her own right. That is why when the East Pakistan crisis began on March 25,1971,she was perfectly positioned to respond to it. She had political stability,five years of experience and a track record of success topped with the Garibi Hatao landslide of just a fortnight earlier.

That is why she listened neither to ultra-pacifists who pleaded for a do-nothing approach,nor to hawks who said join the war now,but to Sam Manekshaw who told her he needed time. As Manekshaw prepared his forces,she built the diplomatic foundation that this venture would have required at the peak of the Cold War,just when the odds had become even heavier against India,with the Nixon-Kissinger opening to China. You had to be an iron lady to embark on a project to break up a nation with no mean armed strength of its own and now counting the US and China among its allies. So she built a new,treaty-bound relationship with Moscow.

She won the war,but we still do not have sufficient evidence that her socialist swing,and then the Indo-Soviet Treaty,had arisen from a genuine,heart-felt commitment to that ideology. Was she experimenting,was she just playing cynical politics,or was she forced into that situation,socialism becoming her default option against an old guard led by Morarji Desai which was still seen as right-leaning,and the Soviet Union Indias only anchor,given the China-US-Pakistan axis? We will probably never know for sure,but I would argue that it was still a case of learning on the job,and adapting,adjusting and manoeuvring in the true spirit of realpolitik.

If there was a certain listlessness to her second,post-victory tenure the reasons were quite evident. The euphoria of military victory was soon replaced by the realities of an obstinate poverty despite her slogans,erratic monsoons and rising political unrest. India was no post-World War II US or Europe where massive reconstruction of the economy replaced the high of victory. As history proved later,she showed poor judgment in listening to a left-ideologue cabal of foreign policy advisors and signing the Shimla agreement without ensuring a clearer settlement on Kashmir. Quite in contrast to the deftness with which she had put down the challenge within her party,her handling of political unrest was clumsy,ill-advised and short-sighted. She had lost her popularity as fast as she had built it,in a two-year period,and even Pokharan-I was not able to resurrect the Indira as Durga magic. The Allahabad high court judgment,the Emergency,the constitutional sub-version then just followed.

How would you describe Indira Gandhi in her second phase? Was she still the iron lady because she took away our fundamental rights,jailed her opposition,broke George Fernandess rail strike,unleashed Sanjay Gandhi on us,nearly,very nearly destroyed the marvellous constitutional under-pinning that her own father had created for our nation? Not many remember today that the issue of whether there is a fundamental character of the Constitution which no majority in a parliament can violate was settled with the majority of just one in a full Supreme Court bench.

I would argue that in her second tenure Mrs Gandhi was no longer the iron lady she was in the first. Most of her actions arose from anger and insecurity,confusion and desperate self-preservation. Today you can look for scapegoats among her advisors and the Indira is India flock in her party. But that would be neither factually correct,nor fair to her towering personality. She was just too insecure about losing power. Not surprising therefore that the extreme leftward swing in her politics,the passing of so many terrible,retrograde economic legislations that her successors are still not able to reverse came not from any genuine commitment to socialism,but as an ideological camouflage for a series of dictatorial and subversive blunders which she was to regret later a step not to be taken for another 1000 years and for which Sonia Gandhi expressed regret in her interview on NDTVs Walk the Talk in the run-up to the 2004 election. It was fitting too that that conversation took place in Allahabads Anand Bhawan.

If Indira Gandhis second tenure was so forgettable she redeemed herself to some extent in the way she allowed it to end. She withdrew the Emergency,released political prisoners and held a fresh election proving,once again,that she was Nehrus worthy daughter. And I do believe that just those 34 months out of power gave her the time to reflect and regroup so she could return again in the summer of 1980 to her iron lady self. Why do we say so?

Not just because of the way she fought the commissions of inquiry and rebuilt her party and politics,or helped along the demise of the Janata government,but also because she showed the courage to change in her third term. She may have been still late in judging where the Cold War was headed,and thereby allowed the remnants of the same old left-ideologue foreign-policy cabal to push India into a morally indefensible and politically unsustainable policy on the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In those two years our voting record at the UN compared with that of the worst Soviet client states. But she had the foresight to begin a shift. The younger people who worked with her,on both foreign policy and economy,say she had begun to feel deeply uneasy about Indias ideological strait-jacketedness and pushed for change. It was she,for example,who orchestrated a chance meeting with Ronald Reagan at Cancun in October 1981. I also have it on good authority that she had now started talking of relaxing controls on the economy. It could just be,then,that she had the intellect to figure out first that the Cold War was ending and if India were to prosper in the new politico-economic environment,it could not do so if its people by and large saw the West as a permanently hostile entity.

The rest of her third tenure is still rather recent history: the massacre in Nellie during an election forced on a furious Assam,Bhindranwale,Operation Bluestar,even the beginnings of Indian support to Sri Lankan Tamil insurgency. History will take an unkind view of all of these,but these marked the return of the iron lady. I do not believe any other prime minister would have done any of these: hold an election in Assam 1983 that faced an incredible popular boycott but was constitutionally essential,send tanks and artillery to finish Bhindranwale and train Tamil guerrillas to teach big-mouth Jayewardene a lesson. These mistakes were not rooted in the paranoia and insecurities of her second phase,but in the heart of a rejuvenated leader who would not allow her or her nations authority to be taken lightly. That it ended so tragically with her insistence that her Sikh bodyguards could not be removed is such a fitting tribute to her. Even in her death she ensured that at least one point on which historians would never disagree is that she was,ultimately,a secular,true-blue Indian patriot.

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