World Vitiligo Day: Know all about the condition, its symptoms, causes, treatment

Dr Vikram Vora, medical director, Indian Sub-Continent, International SOS, said that these patches are irregular in size and shape and may expand gradually. “There may be sensitivity and itching in these areas and the loss of pigment can also affect the hair, leading to premature greying. Signs of emotional distress may become evident as the affected individual notices a change in appearance,” said Dr Vora.

The exact cause of vitiligo is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, autoimmune, and environmental factors,” said Dr Chahar.

In some cases, vitiligo is associated with autoimmune disorders, such as thyroid disease (Source: Getty Images/Thinkstock)

In some cases, vitiligo is associated with autoimmune disorders, such as thyroid disease or type 1 diabetes. “Genetic predisposition is also considered a contributing factor, as individuals with a family history of vitiligo are at a higher risk of developing the condition. Environmental factors, such as exposure to certain chemicals or trauma to the skin, may trigger or exacerbate vitiligo in susceptible individuals,” elucidated Dr Chahar.

Diagnosis and treatment

A dermatologist typically diagnoses vitiligo based on a physical examination and medical history review. They may use a special lamp called a Wood’s lamp, a dermatoscopy or perform a skin biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. The expert will assess the extent and distribution of the depigmented patches to determine the appropriate treatment approach. Additionally, Dr Chahar explained that other autoimmune disorders and conditions mimicking vitiligo must be ruled out during the diagnostic process.

While there is no known cure for vitiligo, several treatment options aim to restore colour to the depigmented areas and manage the condition. “Topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and vitamin D analogs are commonly prescribed to help re-pigment the affected skin. Narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) phototherapy and excimer laser therapy can also stimulate melanocyte activity and promote repigmentation. In cases where medical treatments are not effective, surgical interventions such as autologous melanocyte transplantation or skin grafting may be considered,” elaborated Dr Chahar.

Prevention and management

Preventing vitiligo is challenging due to its complex and multifactorial nature. However, individuals with vitiligo or a family history of the condition can take certain steps to minimise its impact. “Sun protection is crucial, as the depigmented patches are more susceptible to sunburn and long-term damage. Any kind of skin irritation and trauma is to be avoided to prevent the spread of vitiligo. Camouflage cosmetics can help conceal the affected areas and improve self-esteem,” advised Dr Chahar.

Dr Vora noted that phototherapy and targeted excimer laser treatment involves exposing the skin to controlled ultraviolet (UV) light to stimulate pigment deposition. “In some cases, surgical options like skin grafting, blister grafting, or tattooing may be considered but a medical professional should guide treatment decisions,” said Dr Vora.

Dr Ruben Bhasin, consultant dermatologist, Sanar International Hospitals, observed that the surgery for vitiligo is done if the patches have been stable for some time. “It requires a thorough history and examination. Results are variable with respect to the location of the vitiligo patch,” Dr Bhasin explained.

Emotional support and counselling play a vital role in managing the psychological impact of vitiligo, Dr Chahar pointed out. “Joining support groups or seeking professional help can provide individuals with the necessary tools to cope with the condition,” said Dr Chahar.

Even after the treatment, the permanent cure of the reoccurrence of white patches cannot be ensured, mentioned Dr Bhasin, highlighting that society needs to be more sensitive about this medical condition and end the social taboo.

“While vitiligo is not even contagious, people living with this disease are shamed unnecessarily. We need to address this point as per medical treatment; that is because due to this problem, many vitiligo patients lose self-esteem, experience stress and face mental health issues. If any vitiligo patient is experiencing such a condition, then mental health experts are there to help them,” said Dr Bhasin.

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