All you need to know about Japanese encephalitis

Dr Jayanta Thakuria, Director – Internal Medicine and Rheumatology at Yatharth Super Speciality Hospitals, Faridabad, explained, “Japanese encephalitis is not directly contagious or communicable between humans. It cannot be spread through casual contact or person-to-person transmission.”

The virus thrives in regions with pig farming and rice paddies, as pigs and birds act as amplifying hosts. Dr Thakuria noted that while anyone in endemic areas is at risk, certain groups are more vulnerable:

• Young children are more likely to develop severe disease.
• Individuals with weakened immune systems face higher risks.
• Unvaccinated individuals in endemic regions are at greater susceptibility.

Severe cases typically occur when the virus causes brain inflammation, leading to neurological complications. (Representative image)

Signs and symptoms

While most people infected with JEV remain asymptomatic, severe cases can result in serious health issues. Dr Thakuria outlined the symptoms of severe Japanese encephalitis:

• High fever
• Headache
• Vomiting
• Confusion or altered mental state
• Seizures
• Stiff neck
• Sensitivity to light
• In extreme cases, coma or death

Severe cases typically occur when the virus causes brain inflammation, leading to neurological complications.

Treatment and management

There is no specific antiviral treatment for Japanese encephalitis. Management focuses on supportive care, Dr Thakuria said, which may include:

• Hospitalisation for severe cases.
• Intravenous fluids to manage dehydration.
• Medications to control fever, seizures, and brain swelling.
• Respiratory support in critical cases.

Dr Thakuria emphasised that vaccination is the most effective preventive measure, especially for travellers to endemic areas. Additionally, mosquito control measures such as using repellents, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding mosquito-prone areas during peak times can significantly reduce risk.

As the city awaits confirmation of the suspected case, health officials are focusing on surveillance and vector control. Public awareness about preventive measures is crucial to mitigating any potential risk.