High Court refuses to quash case against four in Madhya Pradesh hijab row

The court said the prosecution’s case, however, was not based merely on students wearing hijab. It included allegations that a particular dress code was made compulsory, that students were allegedly prohibited from wearing tilak and kalawa, were required to follow certain religious practices and prayers, and that threats and coercion were used.

“Whether these practices were actually compulsory, whether students acted voluntarily, and whether there was an intention to convert through prohibited means were questions that could only be determined after appreciation of evidence,” the court said.

The court rejected the accused’s attempt to have the prosecution terminated at the threshold, saying the allegations could not be described as “inherently absurd” or “inherently improbable”. The defence raised disputed questions of fact concerning the statements of students and other witnesses, the individual roles of the accused and the applicability of the statutory provisions to the facts proved in the case. These fell within the domain of the trial court, the court said.

Two of the accused, Shailendra Kumar Jain and Abdul Wasim Bari, had argued that they were not members or office-bearers of the school’s management committee during the relevant period. The High Court said documents they produced supported their defence regarding the subsequently constituted committee, but the prosecution alleged their involvement and relied on material collected during the investigation. Whether they had any role in the school’s affairs or exercised influence over its functioning would therefore have to be decided at trial.

The court also refused to treat affidavits subsequently furnished by some parents or students as a basis for quashing the case. The affidavits stated that the books supplied to students were government-prescribed books and that no religious education beyond the syllabus had been imparted. Such material, the court said, could be considered by the trial court along with the statements recorded during the investigation and other evidence.

Significantly, the High Court noted that 32 of the 33 prosecution witnesses had already been examined. While making it clear that it was not expressing any opinion on the merits of the evidence, the court said the advanced stage of the trial was a relevant circumstance while deciding whether to exercise its extraordinary inherent jurisdiction to terminate the prosecution.

The Ganga Jamuna Higher Secondary School in Damoh was thrust into controversy in May 2023 after a poster celebrating its Class 10 board results showed several girl students, including those from non-Muslim communities, wearing headscarves. Right-wing groups alleged that the school was forcing Hindu and Jain students to wear hijab and follow Islamic practices. The controversy initially centred on the school uniform, but quickly escalated into allegations of religious conversion and coercion.

Three people were initially arrested in the Damoh Ganga Jamuna school case in June 2023 — school principal Afsha Sheikh, mathematics teacher Anas Athar Ali and school peon/security guard Rustam Ali — after police registered an FIR over allegations that students were being compelled to follow a particular dress code and religious practices. The FIR named several other people connected with the school management, and the subsequent prosecution also named Shailendra Kumar Jain and Abdul Wasim Bari among the accused. Jain and Bari later approached the Madhya Pradesh High Court, along with Athar and Rustam, seeking quashing of the proceedings.