India’s ‘partner-less’ population shrinks, Tamil Nadu, Kerala buck national trend

This national trend also masks a striking regional divergence.

Tamil Nadu recorded the highest W/D/S rate in the country in 2024 at 7.2 per cent, up sharply from 5.7 per cent a decade ago. Kerala was the only other major state to record an increase, rising from 6.2 per cent to 6.3 per cent. Telangana remained unchanged at 4.6 per cent.

The contrast with northern states is stark. Uttar Pradesh reported a W/D/S population of 2.2 per cent, Haryana 1.9 per cent, Jammu and Kashmir 1.7 per cent and Bihar 1.5 per cent.

The critical takeaway from the 2024 data is that living without a partner in India remains overwhelmingly a female reality. The figures lay bare a severe structural disparity: men who divorce or lose a spouse are highly likely to remarry, while women overwhelmingly bear the social and economic burden of living out their lives with the W/D/S status.

A decade ago, a massive 6.5 per cent of the total female population was classified as W/D/S, compared to a mere 1.9 per cent of males. While the overall numbers have improved, the gender chasm remains firmly intact. Today, 5.4 per cent of all Indian females carry this status, compared to just 1.6 per cent of males.

While almost every state in northern, eastern, and western India mirrored the national trend of a declining W/D/S population, the data expose a massive geographic shift in the South. Two of India’s most highly developed states completely bucked the national trend, registering notable increases in marital dissolution and partner loss.

Tamil Nadu witnessed a drastic surge, jumping from a W/D/S rate of 5.7 per cent in 2014 to a country-leading 7.2 per cent in 2024. Kerala also experienced an increase, rising from 6.2 per cent to 6.3 per cent.

Higher female literacy, greater financial independence, and better social safety nets may be leading to a higher social acceptance of divorce and separation. Furthermore, the advanced healthcare systems in these states have led to higher life expectancies. Since in most marriages, the man is older, a large number of women in these states outlive their husbands, inflating the widowhood figures.

For perspective, Kerala has the highest proportion of elderly people (aged 60 years and above) in India, accounting for 15.1 per cent of its population, followed by Tamil Nadu (14.2 per cent).

Providing a counterbalance to the southern states are regions in northern and eastern India that report exceptionally low rates of marital dissolution, pulling the national average downwards.

Bihar boasts the lowest W/D/S rate in the country. In 2014, its rate was already low at 2.3 per cent, but it has since fallen further to just 1.5 per cent of its total population in 2024. Jammu and Kashmir follows closely, dropping from 2.5 per cent in 2014 to 1.7 per cent today. While these figures suggest lower levels of widowhood, divorce and separation, experts caution they may also reflect limited access to legal and financial support for divorce, more traditional social structures, and younger populations compared to southern states.

Some states have recorded particularly sharp shifts over the past decade. Uttarakhand saw one of the steepest declines in the country, with its W/D/S population nearly halving from 6.2 per cent in 2014 to 3.5 per cent in 2024. Chhattisgarh also registered a significant decline, with the proportion falling from 5.2 per cent to 3.6 per cent over the same period.

The data does not separate widowhood from divorce and separation, making it difficult to determine what is driving the higher figures in southern states.

Widowed, Divorced & Separated Population: How States Have Changed in a Decade