India needs 11.16 lakh extra teachers to meet shortfall: report

The findings in the report, 'State of the Education Report for India-2021', focused on teachers, are largely based on analysis of Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) and the Unified District Information System for Education (UDISE) data.

A team of experts from Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, led by Prof Padma M Sarangapani collaborated with a UNESCO team in preparing it. (File Photo)

Written by: Sourav Roy Barman

4 min readNew DelhiOct 6, 2021 08:04 AM IST First published on: Oct 6, 2021 at 04:09 AM IST

There are nearly 1.2 lakh single-teacher schools in the country, of which an overwhelming 89 per cent are in rural areas, according to a UNESCO report released on Tuesday. The report projects that India needs 11.16 lakh additional teachers to meet the current shortfall.

The findings in the report, ‘State of the Education Report for India-2021’, focused on teachers, are largely based on analysis of Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) and the Unified District Information System for Education (UDISE) data.

A team of experts from Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, led by Prof Padma M Sarangapani collaborated with a UNESCO team in preparing it.

Based on calculations of PLFS 2018-19 data, the report points out that across states there are 1,10,971 single-teacher schools, which translates to 7.15% of 11.51 lakh schools, employing 95 lakh teachers. “89 per cent of these single-teacher schools are in rural areas. States with a high percentage of single-teacher schools include Arunachal Pradesh (18.22 per cent), Goa (16.08 per cent), Telangana (15.71 per cent), Andhra Pradesh (14.4 per cent), Jharkhand (13.81 per cent), Uttarakhand (13.64 per cent),

Madhya Pradesh ( 13.08 per cent), Rajasthan (10.08 per cent),” the report states.

In a release, UN resident coordinator in India, Deirdre Boyd, said that out of 17 sustainable development goals (SDG), the one on education was “like a raft that keeps all SDGs afloat”.

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Sarangapani said gender ratio in professions is “overall balanced”, with women teachers accounting for 50 per cent of the total. However, there are inter-state, urbal-rural imbalances.

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The glaring constraints affecting the teaching profession in India, as highlighted in the report, have a direct bearing on quality of education. Besides vacancies, low wages of teachers, especially in private schools, needs attention. As the report says, “It is likely that a teacher's income needs to be supplemented by other means, and salaries of women employed in private schools are a secondary income source in the family.”

At 32%, Tripura has the least number of women teachers, followed by Assam, Jharkhand and Rajasthan with 39%. Chandigarh leads the chart with 82%, followed by Goa (80%), Delhi (74%), Kerala (78%).

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“The proportion of women teachers in rural locations is less than that in urban locations,” the report says. “In rural areas, 28 per cent of primary school teachers are women versus 63 per cent in urban areas. However, early childhood education teachers are predominantly women, and 88 per cent of them are in rural areas. At the secondary school level, 24 per cent teachers in rural areas are women, versus 53 per cent in urban locations.”

The proportion of teachers employed in the private sector grew from 21% in 2013-14 to 35% in 2018-19, it said. It said requirement of teachers in these schools fell by 10%, as against 6% in government schools. The Right to Education Act stipulates that the pupil-teacher ratio (PTR) should be 30:1 in classes 1-5 and 35:1 in higher grades.

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“Based on the PTR of 35:1, the total additional teacher requirement is found to be about 1,116,846,” the report said. “69 per cent of total additional teacher requirement is in rural areas. States with large requirements include Uttar Pradesh (320,000), and Bihar (220,000), followed by Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and West Bengal (between 60,000 and 80,000).”

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Based on PLFS data, the researchers also calculated that the average salary of private school teachers in the country (primary and secondary) is Rs 13,564, with rural private school teachers earning less at Rs 11,584. Women teachers in rural private schools earn an average of Rs 8212 per month.

“While early child education teachers are paid almost the same in the two sectors, private school teachers earn only about 43 per cent of what a government school teacher does at the primary and general secondary school levels….