4 min readOct 17, 2024 10:48 AM IST
First published on: Oct 17, 2024 at 08:11 AM IST
Painkillers are among the most commonly used medications worldwide. From over-the-counter options to prescription drugs, they offer quick relief from a variety of ailments, such as headaches, muscle aches and chronic pain conditions. However, while they can be effective in alleviating discomfort, their excessive or improper use can lead to significant health issues, particularly those of the stomach and kidneys.
Understanding Painkillers
Painkillers can be broadly classified into two main categories: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids. NSAIDs work by reducing inflammation and blocking pain signals in the body. Opioids, on the other hand, interact with the nervous system to relieve severe pain but come with a higher risk of dependency and adverse effects.
Impact on Stomach Health
Prolonged use of NSAIDs results in gastrointestinal (GI) complications.
- Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining can cause pain, nausea and vomiting.
- Peptic Ulcers: Open sores that develop on the stomach lining or the upper part of the small intestine, leading to burning stomach pain, bloating and indigestion.
- Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Chronic use of painkillers can result in bleeding in the stomach, which may be life-threatening. Signs include dark or bloody stools, vomitting blood or feeling faint.
The risk of these conditions increases with higher doses, prolonged use and the use of multiple medications. Additionally, individuals with a history of GI issues, older adults and those who consume alcohol may be more susceptible to these side effects.
The Toll on Kidney Health
The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste from the blood and maintaining fluid balance. Chronic painkiller use, particularly NSAIDs and certain prescription medications, can strain the kidneys, leading to various health complications:
- Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): Overuse of painkillers can result in sudden damage to the kidneys, causing them to lose their filtering ability. This can lead to a buildup of waste products in the blood, which can be dangerous.
- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Long-term use of painkillers may contribute to the gradual loss of kidney function, potentially leading to kidney failure. This is especially concerning for individuals with existing kidney conditions or those who are diabetic or hypertensive.
- Fluid Retention: Some painkillers can cause the body to retain fluids, leading to increased blood pressure and additional strain on the kidneys.
Signs to watch out for
Consult a doctor when you develop symptoms such as persistent abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, swelling in the legs or ankles, fatigue and decreased urine output after you have had painkillers.
Best Practices for Safe Painkiller Use
To mitigate the risks associated with painkiller use, consider the following recommendations:
- Follow Dosage Instructions: Always adhere to the prescribed or recommended dosage. Avoid self-medicating and consult with a healthcare professional if you have ongoing pain issues.
- Limit Duration of Use: Use painkillers for the shortest time necessary. If pain persists, seek medical advice rather than relying on painkillers for prolonged periods.
- Explore Alternatives: Depending on the type of pain, non-pharmacological interventions like physical therapy, acupuncture, or mindfulness practices, can provide effective relief without the associated risks.
- Regular Check-Ups: If you are a regular user of painkillers, consider routine medical check-ups to monitor stomach and kidney health.
- Avoid Alcohol: Combining painkillers with alcohol can exacerbate the risks of stomach irritation and kidney damage.
(Dr Chatterjee is internal medicine specialist at Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi)
Painkillers can be broadly classified into two main categories: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids. 
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