4 min readNew DelhiMar 25, 2025 02:05 PM IST
First published on: Mar 25, 2025 at 07:00 AM IST
The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024 has elicited widespread criticism across India.
The All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB) on Sunday (March 23) announced a nationwide agitation against the Bill, while the Imarat-e-Shariah, a prominent Muslim organisation in Bihar, boycotted Chief Minister Nitish Kumar’s iftar. The Congress called the Bill an assault on the Constitution, and an attempt by the BJP to keep society in a state of “permanent polarisation” for electoral gains.
What exactly makes the Waqf Bill so controversial? Here are five of its most contentious provisions.
1. Representation matters
The 2024 Bill proposed allowing a non-Muslim Chief Executive Officer, and at least two non-Muslim members to be appointed by state governments to their state’s waqf board. The Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) allowed two amendments to this provision — that the appointee shall be an officer at the Joint Secretary-level or higher, and that she shall have knowledge of Muslim law and jurisprudence.
But the fundamental contention remains, namely, that non-Muslims should not be a part of waqf boards, given it is a religious matter.
2. Power to government
The 2024 Bill gave the District Collector the power to determine if a disputed property is a waqf or belongs to the government. This determination is currently made by the Waqf Tribunal. The JPC accepted an amendment to the provision, which now gives this power to a state government officer who is more senior than the district collector.
However, it will still be a state government officer judging the state’s own case against a waqf. Critics fear that the officer is likely to rule in favour of the government in such disputes.
3. Removal of ‘waqf by user’
The 2024 Bill does away with the concept of “waqf by user”, which is a part of the 1995 law. This refers to a property that is treated as waqf based on its long-term use for religious or charitable purposes, even without formal documentation. Several mosques and graveyards could fall in this category.
By omitting provisions related to “waqf by user”, the Bill can potentially create disputes surrounding long-time waqf properties which, for whatever reason, do not have a valid waqfnama.
4. Waqf database
The 2024 Bill required every waqf property to be registered on a central database within six months of the law’s commencement. Any “government property” in this database would be flagged to the District Collector, who would then make an inquiry into the matter. Notably, the Bill effectively ensured that not registering on the portal would result in forfeiting the right to move a court in case of an encroachment or dispute involving the waqf land.
While the JPC accepted amendments giving the Waqf Tribunal power to extend the timeframe of registration in some circumstances, what these circumstances could be was left to the Tribunal’s discretion.
5. Tribunal decision not final
The Bill has also changed how the Waqf Tribunal will be formed. It states that it will comprise a District Judge, and a state government officer of Joint Secretary rank as its members. Another crucial change in the new Bill is that it has removed the provision that made the Tribunal’s decision final. The Bill allows Tribunal decisions to be challenged in the High Court.
Supporters and members of various organisations take part in a protest against the Waqf Amendment Bill 2024 in New Delhi on March 17, 2025. (Express Photo - Tashi Tobgyal) 
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